When GLP-1 is released to the plasma, what are the target cells? What receptor does it bind to? Which intracellular signalling pathway is activated?

1) Explain the different types of ion channels.

2) Explain in detail the glucose symporter. How does it work and what is its mechanism?

1. Which of the following descriptions related to hormonally active agents (HAAs) is correct?

   	a.	HAAs are forms of pollution in environmental systems that mostly come from humans' excretion of hormones into the water
   	b.	HAAs definitely lead to cancer from the mutations that occur from exposure
   	c.	HAAs primary hazard is biomagnification within food webs
   	d.	HAAs interact with an organism and the mechanisms for regulating growth and development by disrupting normal growth functions.

2. Blood borne pathogens found in contaminated blood are an example of a ___________hazard.

   	a.	physical
   	b.	chemical
   	c.	radiological
   	d.	biological

3. If a specific animal species has a population of 4 million and the population is reduced to only 2000, this is an example of a likely overall reduction in the ____________diversity.

   	a.	genetic
   	b.	species
   	c.	habitat
   	d.	population

In your own words, compare and contrast Gleasonian vs. Clementsian community Ecology. Your book only discusses Gleason, but there is PLENTY online about the debate. Provide examples that support each (top points for finding examples NOT included in our book or ppts. What is the consensus as to which seems to best describe most communities?

(BioChem) Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies are diseases related to the impaired ability to oxidize fatty acids via beta oxidation. Symptoms of these acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies include hypoketosis [low blood levels of ketone bodies], hypoglycemia [low blood glucose], and hyperammonemia [increased blood levels of ammonia] during long periods of fasting. (Please type response, thanks!)

a.) In what 2 ways is beta oxidation important during prolonged periods of fasting?

b.) Please explain why patients with acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiencies have bouts of hypoketosis [1- 2 sentences is sufficient].

c.) Please explain why patients with acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiencies have bouts of hypogycemia [1- 2 sentences is sufficient].

d.) Please explain why patients with acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiencies have bouts of hyperammonemia [1- 2 sentences is sufficient].

DNA polymerase III builds new DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction...always adding the new nucleotide to the 3' end of the existing strand. As it adds new nucleotides, it proofreads its work. If a mistake is detected, DNA polymerase will act as an exonuclease and excise the incorrect nucleotide. A. What supplies the energy needed to add the new nucleotide to the existing chain? B. Please explain why evolution has favored 5’ to 3’ polymerases, as opposed to 3’ to 5’ ones (hint...what happens if DNA Polymerase removes a nucleotide?).

1. Explain two ways bacteria might interact in a community, and why that interaction might happen that way.

2. Explain in detail one way that bacteria can share genetic information with each other, but not through vertical transmission.

Describe the effect of dust mites on humans and explain how to control them.

What is the significance of Haemaphysalis longicornis?.

1) Why was the Micrococcus at the bottom of the broth tube?

2) What growth pattern(s) would be most beneficial for survival if bacteria were growing in a pond for many years? Explain your answer.

1. The first to have cave paintings ;

a) Neanderthals

b) chimpanzees

c) Australopithecus

d) homo habilis

2. The SRGAP2 gene is important in the development of :

a) the immune system

b) cortex development

c) placental development

d) body growth

e) speech

3. Members of a species can :

a) interbreed

b) produce fertile offspring

c) share similar genes

d) all of these

4. Geographic separation of populations of a species might lead to:

a) DNA stabilization

b) new species formation

c) becoming closer in morphology in the populations

d) changes in alleles between the populations  

e) b and d

5. A major advancement in thinking ability and complex behaviours was the

a) corpus striatum

b) corpus collosum

c) corpus spongiosum

d) corpus quadrigemina

e) none of these

6. The accepted date for this was about 800,000 years ago:

a) tool use

b) meat diet

c) brain enlargement

d) controlled fire usage

e) migration out of Africa

7. Cooking meat:

1. easier to digest
2. harder to digest
3. associated with homo habilis
4. associated with Australopithecus robustus

8. Elongated ilium is associated with bipedalism

1. true b) false

9. Apes have a U shaped palate:

1. true b) false

10. Upright but not too smart:

a) Neanderthals

b) Australopithecines

c) cro magnons

d) homo erectus

e) members of congress

11. An increase in surface area:

a) thalamus

b) gyri

c) cerebral aqueduct

d) subarachnoid space

e) corpora quadrigemina

12. Found in Asia about a million years ago:

a) A. africanus

b) A. afarensis

c) homo erectus

d) homo habilis

e) c and d

13. Haplogroups are:

a) haploid gametes

b) diploid gametes

c) specific groups of alleles

d) examples of genetic drift

e) none of these

If the phosphoglycerate mutase reaction the side chain of which as in thE enzyme is transiently phosphorylated as part of the reaction .,

Compare and contrast lytic and lysogenic infections in bacteria and humans.  

Compare and contrast transduction (general and specific), transformation, and transfection