Obesity is a multifactorial disease with strong environmental/lifestyle component. On the other hand, it is believed that obesity also is having significant genetic component. Describe different lines of evidences pointing toward the importance of the genetic component in the obesity (10 points).

Mitchell MD, Chivers DP, Brown GE, Ferrari MCO. 2016. Living on the edge: How does environmental risk affect the behavioural and cognitive ecology of prey? Anim Behav. 115: 185-192. Greig EI and Webster MS. 2014. How do novel signals originate? The evolution of fairy-wren songs from predator to display contexts. Anim Behav. 88: 57-65. Petrů M, Špinka M, Charvátová V, Lhota S. 2009. Revisiting play elements and self-handicapping in play: A comparative ethogram of five Old World monkey species. J Comp Psychol. 123(3): 250-263.

1. What two studies examined proximate causes of behaviour? What evidence do the authors provide to support your answer?

2. What two studies examined ultimate causes of behaviour? What evidence do the authors provide to support your answer?

3. Which of the above (1 only) studies examines the evolution of a behaviour? What evidence do the authors provide to support your answer?

select o5 group of multicellular algae, and describe its life cycle.

select one group of multicellular algae, and describe its life cycle.

Create a table of the following Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases:

4) Tularemia

5) Toxoplasmosis

6) Plague

7) Dengue fever

8) Infectious Mononucleosis

9) Ebola

10) Lyme disease

11) Cytomegalovirus Disease

Create columns as shown below:

Why might the relationship between Disturbance and Species Composition be MORE IMPORTANT than Species Richness to a Conservation Biologist?

In context of thermoregulation, which statement is FALSE?

a) Surface area increases roughly linearly with age, until development is complete

b) Heat dissipation is dependent on surface area

c) A hot climate is a challenge for animals with a small surface area/mass

ratio

d) Weight/mass increases as the square of height

e) The surface area /mass ratio of a male with SA=2.10m2, height=1.88m

and weight=81kg, is approximately 259 cm2/kg

Scenario: you isolate a new drug that seems to be particularly effective at inhibiting a metabolic pathway in tumor cells. You want to do an experiment that compares global changes in the number and types of different proteins in cells that are treated with the compound vs. untreated cells. how can this be accomplished experimentally.

( upper division biochemistry lab)

This is the time in the year where people are encouraged to receive a vaccination for influenza (flu). Flu in humans is caused by the influenza virus of which there are several strains. Strains A and B are the most important in causing flu in humans. Since strain A has been studied more, and A and B are similar, use strain A for your answers.

How does the flu virus enter human cells? This question refers to entering individual cells rather than entering the body.

How are the viral genes expressed? How does the virus get its own genes transcribed and translated in the host cell?

How do new progeny viral particles leave the host cell?

1a)Describe the structure of the flu virus capsid and the type of nucleic acid enclosed within the capsid. What else is contained in the capsid?

1b) How does the flu virus replicate its genome?

8-The _________ form the surface of an atom and participate in forming covalent bonds.

a. neutrons and electrons

b. protons

c. neutrons

d. protons and neutrons

e. electrons

10-Failure of cell cycle check points can cause ________.

a. Increased chance of cancer

b. Increased mutation rates

c. Benign tumors

d. All of these

e. Unregulated cell division

11-Which is the lowest level of biological organization that shows the emergent property we consider “life”?

a. Population

b. Cell

c. Community

d. Molecule

e. Organism

14-Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during vigorous exercise?

a. A byproduct of respiration is heat

b. About twice as much energy is released as heat than is made into ATP units

c. The human body overheats at about 100 degrees Farenheight.

d. So much heat is released by cellular respiration during exercise that the body is in danger of overheating.

e. Muscle movement causes friction

17-A measurement included in the outcome of an experiment is called an ________.

a. independent variable

b. Control

c. dependent Variable

d. Hypothesis

e. Experiment

21Dissolving NaOH in neutral water causes a dramatic change in pH because of __________.

a. the increase in OH- concentration

b. the decrease in OH- concentration

c. the increase in H+ concentration

d. the increase in Na+ concentration

23-What type of junction is associated with attaching adjacent cells to form tissues?

a. Gap junction

b. Petticoat junction

c. Anchoring junction

d. Tight junction

24-The genetic material is made of ___________.

a. carbohydrate

b. protein

c. lipid

d. nucleic acid

a.)How many different types of gametes are possible from the genotype AABbDdEe? What is the probability of producing each gamete type?

b.)A woman with type O blood has children with a man with type AB blood. What blood types cannot be present in their children?

c.) A woman with type A blood has children with a man with type B blood. What blood types (if any) cannot be present in their children? (You must explore all possibilities to answer this question).

QUESTION 1

What letter corresponds to the phase in which voltage-gated Na+ channels are open?

action potential.pdf

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements is true about the mRNA whose structure is depicted in the diagram shown below? mRNA schematic.pdf

A.This could be a primary transcript from a prokaryote.

B. This could be a primary transcript from a eukaryote but not a prokaryote.

C. This could be a mature mRNA from a eukaryote but not a prokaryote.

D. This could be a mature mRNA from either a prokaryote or a eukaryote

E. This could be a primary transcript from either a prokaryote or a eukaryote.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following events are shared between mitosis and meiosis?

A. Homologous chromosomes align

B. Random assortment of homologous chromosomes occur in metaphase of mitosis and metaphase of meiosis II

C. Sister chromatids separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase of meiosis II

D. Both mitosis and meiosis have one round of replication and two rounds of cytokinesis

QUESTION 4

Choose the best answer below that describes components of transcription as they are found in prokayotes and eukaryotes.

A. Sigma factor is in both, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of DNA.

B. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are only in prokaryotes, and promoters are made of DNA.

C. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of DNA.

D. Sigma factor is only in prokaryotes, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of protein.

E. Sigma factor is in both, promoters are in both, and promoters are made of protein.

QUESTION 5

Which of the following always occurs when a ligand binds to its receptor?

A. A signal is transduced.

B. A conformational change occurs in the receptor

C. Second messengers are activated

D. A and C

Structures in organisms (when no longer adequate for their original purpose) often become secondarily adapted for a different use. In the course of their evolutionary history, vertebrates have utilized three different "urinary" systems. Today, however, we only use one. What has happened to the other two? Why were they no longer adequate for mammalian needs? What do you think would happen to such vestigial structures if a secondary "use" did not arise? Why?

How is  Diarthrognathus related to Triconodonts, Docodonts, Multituberculates, Symmetrodonts, Pantotheres, Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals?