Explain how Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall in plants. Why is it called a “natural genetic engineer”?

In humans, is puberty a form of metamorphosis? Whether your answer is ‘yes’ or ‘no’, build a detailed case for your position. Genotype, phenotype, anatomy, physiology, underlying molecular mechanisms, and more, can be used in support of your answer.

In the case of Jesse Gelsinger, a young man who died during gene therapy, the therapy involved delivery via a viral vector. Was this germ-line or somatic therapy?

Draw a Michaelis Menten graph to represent normal pyruvate carboxylase kinetics in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Explain why you drew things as you did.

Which of the solutions below is hyperosmotic, isoosmotic, and hypoosmotic relative to the Red Blood Cells (RBCs) BEFORE and AFTER blood is added?

0.15 M Urea

Before:

After:

What is the osmolarity before and after blood is added?

0.3 M NaCl + 0.3 M Urea

13. Imagine a large inland sea located in a semi-desert region that supports a booming fishing and shipping trade. Through various lines of research, the following facts about this sea have been uncovered: .

e. Thirty years ago, upstream irrigation systems were introduced to supply surrounding farms.

a. About twenty years ago, the water level of the sea began to drop noticeably. Today, over half the water volume has been lost.

b. Salt content of this inland sea has nearly doubled. Strong winds are blowing the salt, which accumulates along the shore, into nearby agricultural lands.

c. Pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture and adjacent industries have seeped back into the sea.

d. The lack of proper sewage facilities has resulted in the dumping of waste into the sea.

what effects would you expect these factors to have on this ecosystem? Explain your answer. What would you propose as solutions to this potential ecological catastrophe?

1. What non-covalent interactions can (1) Alanine and (2) Threonine acid participate in, as part of tertiary structure at pH 7? Include an explanation of the charges involved (full or partial, permanent or temporary)?

2. Suggest one amino acid whose side chain can participate in a non-covalent interaction with the side chain of alanine, and one amino acid whose side chain can participate in a non-covalent interaction with the side chain of threonine.

How can 1-stearoyl, 2-oleoyl, 3-palmitoyl glycerol be biosynthesized from acetyl-coa? Please include the biosynthesis of all central components of the lipid and any additional components that may be required for its synthesis (exclude cofactors and proteins).

Discuss how histones and nucleosomes interact with DNA and effects of acetylation and methylation incliding it's epigenetic effects.

1. Explain how one gene in Drosophila can code for 17,500 different nerve cell surface proteins.  

2. Outline two modification of the structure of the nucleosome that regulate transcription.

3. Outline how the structure of the operon (location of the promoter, the sequence of genes and the locations of stop and start codons in the mRNAs) allow for coordinated control of an enzymatic pathway.

4. Compare and contrast a repressible operon to an inducible operon. Give one example of each.

1) Please explain how to transform bacterial cells with plasmid DNA.

2) Please explain how to purify plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.

3) How can you use PCR to clone a 2000bp gene into a plasmid vector?

4) Please explain how a fluorescent tag can be used to visualize protein localization in a cell.

A zoologist found that in the population of frogs in Sandra MacGregor’s pond, half the genes for skin color in the gene pool were alleles for green spots, and half the genes were alleles for brown spots. Which of the following could cause this 50:50 proportion to change over time? Select all that apply.

a. A drought shrinks the pond so that only six frogs remain.

b. Brown-spotted females prefer to mate with brown-spotted males.

c. Green-spotted females prefer to mate with brown-spotted males.

d. Filling in a pond across the street causes frogs to move in to MacGregor’s pond.

1. How does an automated gene sequencer detect the specific nucleotide at the end of a DNA fragment?

2.How is genotyping different from genome sequencing?