Discuss why correlation does not necessarily means causality. After performing some research using JSU library and other online resources, identify some pertinent variables that may be highly correlated, and then discuss using actual data citations and references about their causality or lack of it. Under what circumstances correlation leads to causality? Your response should be comprehensive using up-to-date information and scholarly references.

For primates, how is living in a “social system” an adaptation for survival? provide a very brief explanation.

3. The megaspore in most flowering plants grows into a megagametophyte that has seven cells and eight nuclei. Name the seven cells.

4. After pollen lands on a stigma, it is far away from the ovule with the megagametophyte which holds the egg (the mega-gamete). How are the two sperm cells transported from the stigma to the egg?

5. After pollination and fertilization, as the ovule develops into a seed, the ovary matures into a ____________. Many of these have three parts, the _____________ is the skin or peel, the ___________is the flesh, and the innermost layer, the _____________, may be tough like the pit of a cherry.

Explain in essay format two ways how one can change their lifestyle to reduce green house gas emissions (carbon foot print)?

Health Care Fraud

Your mission is to research health care fraud as many innocent people as victims of fraudulent health care adverting.  

Do a web search for "health care fraud".  

Choose a topic/article of your choice.

Read the article, summarize your findings and post a short summary.

Name the three pathways of complement activation, and describe similarities, differences and major outcomes.

Describe the structure of a cadherin and contrast that basic structure with ONE of the other types of cell adhesion molecules (immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins and selectin).

Correctly label parts of an IgG antibody: a. Heavy chains, b. Light Chains, c. Variable regions, d. Antigen binding sites, e. Constant regions or “Fc Crystallizable fragment regions”, f. Antigen-binding (Fab) fragment, g. Hinge, h. Disulfide bonds.

Discuss how physician payments can be adjusted for the price differences among various parts of the country.

1.  Regulation of protein activity by phosphorylation requires ________ activity.

1. kinase
2. ubiquitin
3. protease
4. phosphatase
5. 20S proteasome

2. Which of the following are substrates used by RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?

1. DNA template
2. ribonucleotie triphosphates
3. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
4. inorganic phosphates
5. proteins

3.  The ribosome

1. is an enzyme complex made entirely of protein molecules.
2. directs elongation of polypeptides.
3. is organized into 2 subunits whose sizes are designated in Svedberg (S) units.
4. is not used by cells that secrete large amounts of protein.
5. is both b and c.

4. Characteristics of a buffer are:

1. They help maintain the cell’s pH.
2. Their buffering capacity is independent of all other factors.  
3. They must be a strong acid or strong base.
4. Both a and b.
5. Both a and c.

5. Logical use(s) of a cystolic protein would be:

1. To associate with extracellular molecules.
2. Transport through biomembrane.
3. Anchoring and signaling.
4. To activate or inactivate a cell surface receptor.
5. To prevent unwanted molecules from passing across the biomembrane and into the cell.

6. Which of the following factors increase the rate of simple (passive) diffusion of a solute __________ across a phospholipid bilayer?

1. increased ability of the solute to dissolve in the membrane
2. increased hydrophilicity of the solute
3. increased membrane thickness
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

7. The major classes of CAMs include:

1. cadherins
2. fibronectin
3. Ig-superfamily CAMs
4. P-selectins
5. steroids

8. Movement of phospholipids from one leaflet to the other

      a. occurs routinely.

      b. requires cholesterol.

      c. requires flippases.

      d. is impossible.

9. Which of the following plays a role in the degradation of proteins?

      a. chaperonin

      b. ubiquitin

      c. proteasome

      d. b and c

      e. all of the above

10. Reversible chemical interactions are mediated by

1. electrostatic interactions.
2. hydrogen bonds.
3. van der Waals interactions.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above.

1. explain the properties of water and what makes it unique (need it for study guide).

2. Describe the four major types of biological molecules and explain their functions.

Construct a concept map by using the terms below. Use branched arrows and/or another concept or two for better linking. Linking phrases must contain a VERB.

Respiration, Amino Acids, O2, CO2, Fermentation, Ammonia, Binary Fission, Photosynthesis, Carbohydrates, Enzymes, Nitrate, Chemolithotrophs

You can create a vesicle from the inner mitochondrial membrane that includes a functional ATP synthase protein with its fully functional F0 rotor, central stalk, and F1 ATPase head. There is ATP, ADP, and Pi (inorganic phosphate) present inside and outside of the vesicle. You are allowed to mechanically spin the F0 rotor domain in the absence of protons. How would ATP levels change inside the vesicle? Briefly explain how this change occurs.

A patient suffers from a fungal infection; which medicine are you going to prescribe?

1. penicillin
2. daptomycin
3. None of the proposed answers are good medicine
4. Tetracycline
5. Platensimycin

Describe the graph of the primary and secondary response to an antigen by the human humoral (B cell-mediated) immune system; what is would the X-axis be labeled and what would the Y-axis labeled?