A biofilm consists of bacterial populations adhering to host cells and are embedded in a common capsular mass?

Humans are referred to as the “ideal mammal”.

a) What features of mammals have made them adaptable as a class?

b) Which adaptations have humans created to the mammal plan to be called “ideal”?

c) Compare development observed in the mammals to the Orthinodelphia and Metatheria.

d) What does development of these groups tell one about their evolutionary relationships with one another & the other tetrapod groups?

Describe the role of APC/C in progression through the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Be sure to include in your answer:a) What exactly does APC/C do enzymatically?b) How does it interact with cyclin and securing?c) The roles of separase and Cdc20

Where do the removed introns go?

1) Course is Computers in BioMedicine

In about 250 words , Discuss

Use of fuzzy logic in biomedical expert systems and diagnosis.

Non-avian reptiles have ranges of adaptations to make their hearts more efficient than their predecessor chordates.

a) Why do people say that reptiles have a “3.5” chamber heart?

b) How does heart morphology differ between the four major groups of reptiles?

c) How does an average reptile heart differ from the other members of the reptilomorpha?

d) Part of why the heart of reptiles can remain more “basal” is because of their low metabolic need – why is metabolic need so low?

A necessary and essential feature of RNA polymerases is their ability to home in to promoters to initiate transcription, and then transition to transcription elongation. Explain the biological context of the above statement.

Amphibians are one of the most ancestral-like tetrapods.

a) What evolutionary changes have occurred between fish & amphibians?

b) What features did sarcopterygii have that allowed to move to land?

c) Why/what features make people call amphibians “living fossils”?

d) What considerable changes occurred in the cardiovascular system of amphibians?

treatment for osteomyelitis includes

What biotic factors might account for any differences between different types of habitats, such as disturbed and less disturbed hillsides. Please explain with great detail

Explain whether the results on the effect of lactose reflect an adaptive mechanism of gene regulation. Does it make biological sense for lactose to have this effect? Why? Is it adaptive for glucose to alter the ability of lactose to induce the enzymes needed for lactose breakdown? Explain.

You are an MD/PhD student studying left-right laterality defects in humans. You are monitoring a pregnancy in which the heart and stomach are positioned on the incorrect side of the body, while the rest of the organs are positioned normally.

a) [2pts] What would be the name of this type of visceral organ defect?

You are able to perform corrected surgery on the infant soon after birth. You perform a genetic analysis and discover this child had a mutation in a stretch activated calcium channel.

b) [2pts] What are the normal roles of stretch activated calcium channels?

c) [4pts] Why might this mutation cause the left-right laterality defects you observed?

d) [4pts] Assuming that mouse and human left-right patterning are achieved through similar mechanisms what would you predict Nodal expression in the LPM would have looked like in this human patient during early development? Explain your thinking.

Cro and cI proteins both have helix-turn-helix DNA binding domains. What effect would replacing cro’s DNA binding domain with that of cI’s have on the life-cycle of lambda phage? Explain briefly