Methodology (with images)

How to apply staining technique for animal and plant cells?

Methodology (with images)

How to obtain and prepare animal and plant cells for observation under the microscope?

Question 2. How is DNA information used to make proteins? What are the steps of this process?
Give an example of a scenario in which you would perform PCR vs a scenario in which you would use recombinant DNA technology. What occurs during each of the three steps involved in the PCR cycle? How has the use of PCR changed biotechnology?

Describe/recognize how some bacteria can get ATP energy from other organic compounds other than glucose

5. How could you take a protein with a known sequence of amino acids and use it to make an artificial gene?

1. Describe how the fats are broken down from the fat globules to chylomicrons in the small intestine. Be sure to name them at every step.

You are asked to trace the effects of such a mutation from the level of nucleotide sequence all the way to cell function.

Part 1: Name and describe at least 2 varieties of mutations that occur at the single nucleotide level.

Part 2: Remember the Central Dogma? Be able to step through the effects of this type of mutation from changes in nucleotide sequence to changes in protein structure and function to changes in cell function (from DNA to RNA to protein).

Part 3: Following (b) above, given a mutation in a specific protein that we’ve talked about, for instance: cytochrome C, chlorophyll, or the proton pump, what would be the possible effects on cell function resulting from this specific mutation? Explain in detail.

What is the nature of the oogonium and the secondary oocyte? Which process results in the formation of the secondary oocyte?
        A) A diploid oogonium forms a haploid oocyte by the process of mitosis.
        B) A haploid oogonium forms a diploid oocyte by the process of meiosis.
        C) A diploid oogonium forms a haploid oocyte by the process of meiosis.
        D) A haploid oogonium forms a haploid oocyte by the process of meiosis.

option A is wrong / what is the correct answer

QUESTION 7
Spawning is often triggered by a signal such as water temperature or day length. What is an advantage of using this type of signal versus using individual courtship behaviors?
        A) It allows many individuals to spawn simultaneously
        B) It is the only way a single male and female can time gamete release simultaneously
        C) Males and females do not have to choose individual mates.
        D) A and C
        E) A and B
        F) A, B and C

A is wrong here too / give correct answer

Discuss the effects of fire on soil properties

1. Compare and contrast the structure of teosinte with that of corn. Why did people believe that teosinte could not be the ancestor to corn? Why were its kernels probably not used to a great extent as food?

1. What is the reductionism and systems biology and how these 2 approaches can be combined to create effective personalized medicine in the future?

At a particular locus, the homozygous genotype is lethal. We observe a cross between two heterozygous parents. Which of the following will not be true for their offspring: a) All offspring will look the same b) The genotype and phenotype ratios will be the same c) All offspring will be heterozygous d) Half of the offspring will die e) Genotype and phenotype ratio will be 1:2:1

what ratio would this offspring be?

Put these steps in neuromuscular junction synaptic transmission and excitation-contraction coupling in chronological order. (Type the letters in the appropriate order with no spaces between them).

A. Ryanodine receptors open

B. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open in the muscle cell membrane near the neuromuscular junction

C. Tropomyosin rotates into the groove of the thin filament (out of the way of the myosin binding site)

D. Depolarization of motoneuron axon terminal

E. Ca2+ dissociates from troponin

F. [Ca2+] rises in the muscle cell cytoplasm

G. An EPSP occurs in the muscle cell

H. Myosin heads go through the cross-bridge cycle and hydrolyze ATP

I. An action potential is conducted along the T-tubule

J. Acetylcholine receptors open and conduct Na+ ions

K. Ca2+ binds to Troponin

L. Vesicles containing acetylcholine fuse with nerve cell membrane

Describe the synthesis of an Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand in a replication fork. Include names of enzymes and the proper 5’ and 3’ ends of DNA strands.

he lac operon in E. coli regulates the co-expression of three genes needed for the degradation of lactose (but absence of glucose) in the growth medium. These genes are not expressed when the bacteria has no lactose to feed on. How does the cell prevent expressing the lac operon in the absence of lactose? How does the presence of lactose activate the transcription of these three genes? (You do not need to explain the glucose level regulation.)