1. For biology, energy is readily available from electron bonds between atoms of equal:

A) charge

B) atomic weight

C) magnetism

2. The order of electronegativity (great to small) of the following elements is:

A) O>>N>C=H

B) N>>C>O=H

C) C=H>N>>O

D) H<C=O<<N

3. 2^nd law of thermodynamics implies that for a multimer and all its monomeric subunits, (3 point)

A) many multimers in a system is a more stable situation than one monomer in that system

B) all monomeric subunits in a system is a more stable situation than the one multimer in that system

C) all monomeric subunits in a system is a less stable situation than the one multimer in that system

D) one multimer in a system is a less stable situation than many multimers in that system.

4. Reactions with a positive delta G

A) can occur as part of coupled reaction

B) are exergonic

C) are reactions that can never happen

D) reactions that do not require activation energy

5. Of the products of this redox reaction, compared to the reagents (3 point)

        XH + Y -> X + YH

A) X is oxidized, more stable

B) X is reduced, less stable

C) Y is reduced, less stable

D) A and C

1.) What kinds of drugs would you develop to combat viral infections?

2.) Frederick Griffith used mice and a pneumonia causing bacterium to demonstrate that dna is the basis of transformation. why is it called transformation not conjugation or transduction?

If the GTPase function of Ras is destroyed, Ras will always be on/activated. This causes increased Cyclin D and S phase genes expression by transcription factor E2F. Describe how this activation of Ras causes this increased expression of both Cyclin D and S phase genes by explaining the role/function of the following:

• Raf, MEK, ERK
• Myc
• Cyclin D/Cdk4 or Cdk 6
• Rb
• E2F

also indicate if any of the above are a kinase or transcription factor

1- On occasion, you will see no color change in the medium, however, there is visible growth on the Simmons citrate agar surface. How would you interpret this result?

2- In most biochemical test media, you will find a source of protein such as casein, beef extract or peptone. Why does Simmons citrate agar not have any such materials?

Structure and function of

transthyretin

mucin 2

catalase

calmodulin

Thanks

Does tiger lily disperse or migrate? describe what it does with more details.

You have constructed a DNA probe using the amino acid sequence of insulin ( a short piece of DNA carrying a label, such as radioactivity , which can hybridize with your target DNA ) to find your target gene. Explain your probe is a. single strand or double strand, and why . B. which part of the gene (intron, exon, promoter, etc..) is this probe binding to .

Explain how energy is harnessed by and then flows through ecosystems. Describe the major trophic levels. How efficient is the transfer of energy and what limits that efficiency?

Prediabetes is considered a reversible condition.

Enzymes are a diverse group of __________?

• A. lipids
• B. carbohydrates
• C. proteins
• D. nucleic acids

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by:

• A. polyuria
• B. polydipsia
• C. A and B
• D. neither A nor B

How is the dictyostelium discoideum communicate with each other and what is the motility and chemotaxis in dictyostelium discoideum

please explain detailed

A number of genetic deficiencies in acyl CoA dehydrogenases have been described. This deficiency presents early in life after a period of fasting. Symptoms include vomiting, lethargy, and sometimes coma. Not only is the blood concentration of glucose low (hypoglycemia), but starvation-induced ketosis is absent. Provide a biochemical explanation for these last two observations.

1. For the following cases, what are the signs AND symptoms mentioned, whether the patient has them or not? (30)
   1. The patient was a 4-month-old female with congenital heart disease who was admitted to the hospital in January with severe respiratory distress. Five days prior to admission she had developed a cough and rhinitis. Two days later she began wheezing and was noted to have a fever. She was brought to the emergency room when she became lethargic. On examination she was agitated and coughing. She had a fever of 38.9⁰C, tachycardia with a pulse of 220, tachypnea with respirations of 80/min., and a blood pressure of 90/58 mm Hg.
   2. A 35-year-old woman is seen for easy fatigue for many months. She is now 24 weeks pregnant with her 3rd child in 3 years. She does not see any obstetrician and does not take any vitamins. Lately, she has developed a taste for eating ice. She has no other complaint. Family and past history are negative. She does not smoke or drink. Physical examination is positive for pale conjunctiva, mild spooning of nails, and an II/VI systolic murmur at left lower sternal border. Stools are negative for occult blood
   3. A 26-year-old female presents to you in the STD clinic with a complaint of fever of three days duration, nausea, and lower abdominal pain. She denies a history of dysuria, hematuria, or genital ulcerations. She denies that she may be pregnant. She has an intrauterine device for 2 years. She takes no prescribed medications and she has no allergies. On examination, she has a temperature of 390C, pulse rate of 110 per minute, respiration rate of 28 per minute, and B/P of 100/60. She is ill appearing and diaphoretic. There is no lymphadenapathy. She has right lower quadrant tenderness to deep palpation. Bowel sounds are present but hypoactive. Her pelvic examination reveals right adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness. The uterus is tender and slightly enlarged. Thick yellow vaginal discharge is sent for microbiological studies.

What is an advantage of an enzyme with multiple domains each with a different catalytic site?

EVOLUTION

1. The biologist J.B.S. Haldane was once explaining kin selection to some friends in a pub.  As the story goes, he scribbled some calculations on an envelope and announced that he would be willing to die for two brothers or eight cousins. Explain his reasoning.