Explain the different types of secondary metabolites, listing the major chemical group types and some examples of their roles

Explain, using examples, why secondary compounds are important to plant long-term survival even if they are not involved in primary metabolic processes.

Discuss, using detailed examples, whether plants are really ‘helpless sessile organisms’... or not?

Explain the detailed steps and components of the process of plant responses to a viral, bacterial or fungal pathogen involving the hypersensitive response and that leads to SAR

discuss the consequences of the failure of a former clot to dissolve

Question 1a:

How many sigma factors have been identified to be active in the sporulation of B. subtilis? What is each function?

Question 1b:

What is the Lytic Cycle and the Lysogenic cycle? Is it possible to enter the lytic cycle once a phage is in the lysogenic cycle?

Question 1c:

Explain the competition between the Cro repressor and the lambda repressor?

1. True/False: Individuals with mutations in the genes encoding the IL-12p40 subunit (shared by IL-12 and IL-23) are susceptible to not only pathogens such as M. tuberculosis that require a Th1 response, but type 3 (Th17) responses are also affected.

Kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin whenever more red blood cells are necessary. Think of reasons for the body needing more red blood cells.

Athletes who abuse erythropoietin many more red blood cells than usual. (Examine Figure 6.3 from Chapter 6). Explain why an athlete might die from having too many red blood cells.

Describe the clinical features of transfusion reactions caused by circulatory overload and patients at risk of this transfusion reaction.

Describe the mechanisms and prevention of transfusion hemosiderosis, citrate toxicity, and
posttransfusion purpura.

Explain the effect(s) that the following will have on the use of ketone bodies in the human body (each case is independent)

a. there is a serum albumin deficiency

b. beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is inhibited

c. beta-ketoacyl-CoA transferase is inhibited

d. there is a CoA deficiency

e. a compound that is incapable of diffusing into the cell and is highly selective for reactions with ketones (over other carbonyl-containing groups) is released in the bloodstream

11. A package of yeast (7.4g) was suspended into 100 ml of water. The

suspension was serially diluted by transferring 0.1 ml aliquots successively to 9.9

ml of water three times in secession. 0.1 and 0.2 ml aliquots were spread on

glucose nutrient agar. Colonies appeared as follows: 0.1 plate: 179, 0.2 plate: 32

1. How many yeast were there originally in the package? How many yeast

Were in a gram of material?

Please explain in detail and show all work.

Describe one example of an organism that lives in an extreme environment (know as extremophiles). What kind of environment does it live in? How does it maintain gradients across its cell membrane? What molecules does it use for energy production? What are some similarities and differences between its metabolic pathways and ours? (4 points)

5. The KEGG and NCBI databases contain a wealth of information obtained from sequencing and analyzing the complete genome of Acinetobacter baumannii 1656-2, which is a medically important oxidase negative (cytochrome c oxidase- negative) bacterium that is multidrug resistant. For this microorganism, which statement regarding oxidative phosphorylation is correct?

This microbe possesses subunits of cytochrome c oxidase and therefore displays cytochrome c oxidase activity

The formation of ATP depends directly on the oxidation of cytochrome c.

The cytochrome bd complex allows oxygen to be reduced by the quinone pool

Subunit a of the F-type ATPase has 876 amino acids

Jaws first occurred in which group of fishes?

ostracoderms

sharks

placoderms

ray-finned fishes

If a mollusk had a lung, where in the body would it be located?

Which characteristic allows reptiles to thrive in deserts?

1. Translation initiation differs in many aspects between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Highlight the key differences.