4. You are given an animal whose development has never been characterized before. You note that at the four-cell stage, one blastomere transiently shows dark pigmentation. However, as embryogenesis proceeds, the dark pigmentation fades and you are unable to determine what becomes of the blastomere in the fully-developed embryo.

a) [4pts] Describe a simple experiment you can do to determine the fate of the dark blastomere. Provide sufficient detail to show that you understand the technique and its interpretation.

b) [5pts] For the animal described above, you find that the dark-pigmented blastomere at the four-cell stage ultimately gives rise to all of the central nervous system of the embryo. Using this information, devise an experiment to determine whether this cell is specified to be CNS at the 4-cell stage. In addition to describing the experimental procedure, describe the possible results and how you would interpret them.

c) [1pt] As this embryo undergoes gastrulation you notice that the ectodermal cells surround the endoderm similar to Xenopus. What is the name to describe the movement of these ectodermal cells?

1. 1a. If two solutions are _________ relative to each other, a concentration gradient would not exist.

1. hypertonic
2. hypotonic
3. isotonic
4. turgid

2. 1b. A pouch with a selectively permeable membrane containing a salt solution is immersed in a dish of freshwater. The membrane is impermeable to salt. Which way will the water move?
   1. The water moves out of the pot1ch.
   2. The water moves into the pouch.
   3. The water does not move at all.
   4. There is insufficient information to answer this question.

3. 1c.If ATP must be burned to transport a substance from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, the process of _________ has occurred.

1. simple diffusion
2. osmosis
3. facilitated diffusion
4. active transport

4. 1d. Double sugars are called

1. disaccharides
2. dipeptides
3. monosaccharides
4. polysaccharides

5. 1e. Which of these substances may increase blood glucose levels?

1. insulin
2. amylase
3. glucagon

d. pepsin

1f. An organic molecule most readily oxidized or burned by human bodies for quick energy is a

1. disaccharide
2. fatty acid
3. monosaccharide
4. triglyceride

Some of the most commonly used dyes for simple staining are methylene blue, basic fuchsine and crystal violet. All of these dyes work well on bacteria because:

Name the three ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain. For each, identify the ions that move to create the depolarizing effects. What effects does the drug NBQX have on these receptors and on behavior?

Many of the vitamins and minerals are considered to be both essential and toxic, why is this?

1. How does each of your mutations affect the amino acid sequences? Are the mutations missense mutations, silent mutations or nonsense mutations?
   1. Point mutation?
   2. Frameshift-insertion?
   3. Frameshift-deletion

The non mutated Sequence:

1. AUG GAG GUC UUU AAG AGA CAU UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG

Point Mutation:

• AUG GAC GUC UUC AAG AGC CAU UUA GAA GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUC UAG
• Translation: Met Asp Val Phe Lys Ser His Leu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop.

Frameshift Insertion Mutation:

• AUG UGA GGU UUU UAA GUA GAC AUU UAG AUG UAG CCA CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Stop Gly Leu Stop Val Asp Ila Stop Met Stop Pro Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Frameshift Deletion Mutation:

• AUG GAG UUU AAG AGA UUA GAU GUA GCC CUU AGU GAU GUU UAG
• Translated: Met Glu Phe Lys Arg Leu Asp Val Ala Leu Ser Asp Val Stop

Most people who are infected with the HTLV-1 virus are asymptomatic carriers. One specific subtype of HTLV-I occurs only in a sub-population of the Japanese population and among the native peoples of the Andes mountain area of northern Chile. The researchers are looking for the presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the bone marrow cells of well-preserved Andean mummies. The presence of HTLV-1 DNA in the mummies, of the same subtype observed in Japan, would indicate that some of the first people to migrate to the New World came from Japan.

You identified the type of genome possessed by HTLV-1 in your previous answer. Explain how/why HTLV-1 DNA might be found in the bone marrow of the mummies. Be thorough and specific in your response.

Briefly describe one way in which behavioral biology aids in the reintroduction of captive-bred animals to wild habitats

This Question refers to the the following Urinalysis Results Chart.

Sample A tests positive for high levels of protein.  When a urine sample tests positive for protein, kidney damage could be to blame.  High levels of urinary protein can be found in the disease of either hypertension or diabetes, because both can cause kidney damage. However, other results can be used to distinguish between these diseases.

Based on the findings listed in Sample A below, conclude whether this patient suffers from hypertension, or suffers from diabetes.  Write your answer in the space below.

Explain what occurs during depolarization and repolarization in the circulatory system?

An example of a mutualistic nutritional (dietary) symbiosis is that between:

1. Streptomyces and the beewolf
2. Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid
3. Hogkinia and Cicadas
4. Burkholderia and Bean bugs
5. Salmonella and chickens

Which pathogen enters via a parenteral route?

1. Clostridium tetani
2. Salmonella typhi
3. Treponema pallidum
4. Plasmodium vivax

Are there similar disease’s that might get confused with this hyperthyriodism?

Compare how you would rule in or out the difference’s between the different diseases similar to this hyperthyriodism?

A researcher studies normal human fibroblast cells. They can be maintained in culture but die off after about 30 cell generations. Unexpectedly, a colony of cells continues to survive and divide past 30 generations. Which scenario is most likely true for these cells?

Diabetes mellitus occurs with hyposecretion of insulin or hypoactivity of insulin.

Define polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Explain why these symptoms occur with diabetes mellitus.