Discuss how physician payments can be adjusted for the price differences among various parts of the country.

1.  Regulation of protein activity by phosphorylation requires ________ activity.

1. kinase
2. ubiquitin
3. protease
4. phosphatase
5. 20S proteasome

2. Which of the following are substrates used by RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?

1. DNA template
2. ribonucleotie triphosphates
3. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
4. inorganic phosphates
5. proteins

3.  The ribosome

1. is an enzyme complex made entirely of protein molecules.
2. directs elongation of polypeptides.
3. is organized into 2 subunits whose sizes are designated in Svedberg (S) units.
4. is not used by cells that secrete large amounts of protein.
5. is both b and c.

4. Characteristics of a buffer are:

1. They help maintain the cell’s pH.
2. Their buffering capacity is independent of all other factors.  
3. They must be a strong acid or strong base.
4. Both a and b.
5. Both a and c.

5. Logical use(s) of a cystolic protein would be:

1. To associate with extracellular molecules.
2. Transport through biomembrane.
3. Anchoring and signaling.
4. To activate or inactivate a cell surface receptor.
5. To prevent unwanted molecules from passing across the biomembrane and into the cell.

6. Which of the following factors increase the rate of simple (passive) diffusion of a solute __________ across a phospholipid bilayer?

1. increased ability of the solute to dissolve in the membrane
2. increased hydrophilicity of the solute
3. increased membrane thickness
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

7. The major classes of CAMs include:

1. cadherins
2. fibronectin
3. Ig-superfamily CAMs
4. P-selectins
5. steroids

8. Movement of phospholipids from one leaflet to the other

      a. occurs routinely.

      b. requires cholesterol.

      c. requires flippases.

      d. is impossible.

9. Which of the following plays a role in the degradation of proteins?

      a. chaperonin

      b. ubiquitin

      c. proteasome

      d. b and c

      e. all of the above

10. Reversible chemical interactions are mediated by

1. electrostatic interactions.
2. hydrogen bonds.
3. van der Waals interactions.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above.

1. explain the properties of water and what makes it unique (need it for study guide).

2. Describe the four major types of biological molecules and explain their functions.

Construct a concept map by using the terms below. Use branched arrows and/or another concept or two for better linking. Linking phrases must contain a VERB.

Respiration, Amino Acids, O2, CO2, Fermentation, Ammonia, Binary Fission, Photosynthesis, Carbohydrates, Enzymes, Nitrate, Chemolithotrophs

You can create a vesicle from the inner mitochondrial membrane that includes a functional ATP synthase protein with its fully functional F0 rotor, central stalk, and F1 ATPase head. There is ATP, ADP, and Pi (inorganic phosphate) present inside and outside of the vesicle. You are allowed to mechanically spin the F0 rotor domain in the absence of protons. How would ATP levels change inside the vesicle? Briefly explain how this change occurs.

A patient suffers from a fungal infection; which medicine are you going to prescribe?

1. penicillin
2. daptomycin
3. None of the proposed answers are good medicine
4. Tetracycline
5. Platensimycin

Describe the graph of the primary and secondary response to an antigen by the human humoral (B cell-mediated) immune system; what is would the X-axis be labeled and what would the Y-axis labeled?

Aging Brain.pdf

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2) Address the following questions in your discussion board post:

• What are some reasons that brain research is a growing area of interest?

• What types of images can be used to study the brain?
• What is the difference between normal brain changes with aging and pathological changes seen with brain diseases? Give an example of natural degenerative changes versus brain disease.
• What are some strategies that can be used to keep the brain young and healthy?

List the 5 classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins), explain the structure of each, and state a role that each plays in the immune system.

Food Science Question

You have developed ‘on-the-go’ jelly and butter packet containing equal amounts of grape jelly and unsalted butter. The product does not receive any heat treatment and is to be stored at room temperature. The water activity and moisture contents of the jelly and butter are shown in the table below.

a. When the jelly and butter are packaged and reach equilibrium, what will be the final a_w of the jelly and butter packets? Discuss which ingredients would gain or lose moisture and why.

b.Discuss why unsalted butter has a higher water activity and lower moisture content than grape jelly.

c. Would you expect microbial growth of occur in the jelly and butter packets? Discuss why or why not.

In Vitro fertilization allows for selection of an embryo with specific genetic traits. Have you read the book by Jodi Picoult, My Sister's Keeper or watched the movie based on the book? If you haven't read the book or seen the movie, here is a short synopsis of the story from Jodi Picout's website from which you can base your learning log on:

"Anna is not sick, but she might as well be. By age thirteen, she has undergone countless surgeries, transfusions, and shots so that her older sister, Kate, can somehow fight the leukemia that has plagued her since childhood. The product of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, Anna was conceived as a bone marrow match for Kate - a life and a role that she has never questioned… until now."

While the story is a work of fiction the ability to screen embryos to be selected for such a scenario is a reality. What do you think? Is this just an advancement of medicine or our we overstepping our ethical boundaries? Defend your side of the debate with some scientific research from a reliable scientific source or website.

Describe why the nitrogenase enzyme complex has to cycle electrons through 3 separate cycles during nitrogen fixation and explain what role ATP hydrolysis plays each time the electrons cycle through the complex.

The best fossil evidence suggests that life began 4 billion years ago. But free atmospheric oxygen didn't really peak until about 2.5 billion years ago. Multicellular animals did not arise until about 600 million years ago. While there is some evidence for photosynthesis and biological creation of free oxygen much earlier than that, it seems like much of the world was anoxic (without free oxygen) for over a billion years of evolutionary time. Oxygen is highly corrosive, and too much can be dangerous, even for those organisms that evolved to require oxygen (like us!). Based on what you know, what reasonable hypothesis/predictions might you make (i.e., not looking for the "truth" - looking for testable predictions!) as to why would the Atavistic Hypothesis predict that high levels of oxygen might be an effect treatment for tumors? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

A. High oxygen levels might not have a deleterious effect on MC genes which seem to have evolved much later than the 2.5 billion year oxygen rise.

B. We know that muscle cells can switch from aerobic to anaerobic physiological pathways, so neither of the other answers makes much sense.

C. Multicellular organisms inherited the core unicellular reproductive genes/gene network with minimal modification.