1. Use the following information to complete the chart below:

2. Which of the molecules in question #1 are macromolecules? Give a reason for your

answer.

3. Which of the molecules in question #1 are carbohydrates? Explain
4. Which of the molecules in question #1 could be a lipid molecule? Explain
5. Which of the molecules in question #1 could be a part of a part of a protein molecule? Explain

OPEN QUESTIONS: You are researching mechanisms involved in wdf1 gene expression regulation in yeast

1. Please shortly describe how to identify enhancers regulating expression of the wdf1 gene.

2. You have discovered that Wou1 protein is the transcriptional factor that is involved in wdf1 activation. You next goal is to identify other factors, that are interacting with Wou1 protein and are required for wdf1 activation. Please shortly describe experimental approaches to achieve this goal.

3. You have discovered that Wou1 protein is the transcriptional factor that is involved in wdf1 activation. You next goal is to identify other factors, that are interacting with Wou1 protein and are required for wdf1 activation. Please shortly describe alternative experimental approaches to achieve this goal.

Two-Point Mapping

The general strategy used to determine the genetic distance between linked genes is to: 1. Make all of the genes of interest heterozygous in an individual or strain 2. Examine the gametes produced in the heterozygous individual(s) Using our example above. You have two pure-breeding lines of plants, one with green seeds and short height (GG tt) the other with yellow seeds and tall height (gg TT). You cross the two strains to make the genes heterozygous. What type of a cross would you perform to determine the types of gametes being produced by the F1 heterozygous individuals?   

1. In all of the crosses below, draw two horizontal lines representing the homologous chromosomes of each individual and the genes on each chromosome. Show the P generation cross. Show the gametes produced by each parent strain (show the chromosome in the gamete)

2. Show the F1 double heterozygotes (show the chromosome lines) and the tester stock that you would use in the testcross.

3. In your F1 double heterozygotes. a) Which gametes will be formed if crossing-over does not occur? These gametes are referred to as parental or non-recombinant gametes. Why? b) Which gametes will be formed if crossing-over does occur between the genes? These gametes are referred to as non-parental or recombinant gametes. Why?

Clutch size vs. age at first reproduction

Two hawk populations (same species, different environment) start with one individuals each. In one population, reproductive adults must attain two years of age, and their average clutch size is 1.5. In the other population, adults can reproduce the first year, but their average clutch size is only 1. Both species are iteroparous. Assume that all adults of reproductive age reproduce every year, and survive.

How many hawks will be in each population after one year?

Two years? Three years?

Four years?

Five years?

Make a diagram to represent individuals of the two populations.

What conclusion can you make about the relative

importance of age of first reproduction vs. clutch size?

5. The skin possesses a number of amazing protective properties, and one of the most notable is skin coloration as a protection against U.V. irradiation. Briefly, describe the anatomical, biochemical and physical means by which the skin adapts to U.V. radiation. How does light (U.V.) potentially disrupt cellular function and how is melanin poised to protect against damage. Describe four features of melanin as it relates to interpersonal differences between individuals, and what impact does this have on rates of skin cancer. Describe at least one method used to associate U.V. irradiation with either skin damage or repair. (10 points)

Describe the steps in a bacteriophage and describe events that occur on an agar plate containing a bacterial lawn for a single bacteriophage particle to cause the formation of a plaque.

What must a pathogen that is outside the host accomplish in order to infect the host successfully and have its descendants infect another host?

Discuss what series of events may lead to septicemia and how it should be prevented and treated.

Que .

When phage infect a bacterial cell, they typically have a temporal program of gene expression, i.e., they express particular genes at particular times. What are two regulatory mechanisms phage use to control their gene expression?

Please state clearly each mechanism and provide detail explanation.

What kinds of science and technology are currently being used to investigate and/or monitor and prevent heart disease? Provide an example and discuss at least one.

Please describe the upstream molecular events that activate alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of G-proteins in a typical cell-signaling event. (please do not exceed more than 15 sentences in answer , thanks)

Explain your understanding of the purpose and process of primary homeostasis following an incision.

1 A) How does epistasis differ from Mendel’s principle of dominance?

1 B) A woman who owned a purebred albino poodle (an autosomal recessive phenotype) wanted white puppies; so she took the dog to a breeder, who said he would mate the female with an albino stud male, also from a pure stock. When six puppies were born, all of them were black; so the woman sued the breeder, claiming that he replaced the stud male with a black dog, giving her six unwanted puppies. You are called in as an expert witness, and the defense asks you if it is possible to produce black offspring from two pure-breeding recessive albino parents. What testimony do you give?

1.A single nucleotide mutation in the third position of a codon more often than in the second or first position

a) has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.

b) alters the reading frame of the mRNA.

c) changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.

d) introduces a stop codon into the mRNA.

2. The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior formation of RNA oligonucleotides to serve as primers. This latter observation is evidence in support of the hypothesized existence of

a) that Crick’s postulate of the flow of information is incorrect.

b) the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

c) an ancient RNA world

d) the abiotic synthesis of organic peptides

3.A frameshift mutation could not result from

a) a single nucleotide insertion

b) a dual nucleotide insertion

c) a single nucleotide substitution

d) a single nucleotide deletion