What structure was present on the polychaetes that is missing from the earthworm and leech?

• Know-how p53 is activated during the cell cycle and what two outcomes are possible – know the signaling pathways (you do not have to know how PUMA induces apoptosis, just that it does)

• Know the types of chemical modulators of receptors – agonist/antagonist

• Know the G-protein-linked signaling pathway – how it is activated and what happens downstream – be able to describe the signaling pathways that lead to PKA and PKC activation

• Know the tyrosine-kinase signaling pathway – how it is activated and what happens downstream

• Be able to explain a dominant-negative mutant and constitutive mutant receptor in signaling

• Know the types of cell junctions

• Difference between a benign and malignant tumor

• “Seed & soil” hypothesis of cancer metastasis

• Know & describe the 10 hallmarks of cancer

• Know the four most common causes of cancer

• Know the difference between an oncogene and a tumor suppressor

• Understand the immune surveillance theory

• Know the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs at each stage

• Know where the checkpoints (restriction points) occur in the cell cycle and what influences each checkpoint

• Understand the role of cyclins and CDKs – which one is regulatory and which one has the enzyme activity

The Tasmanian native hen (Gallinula mortierii) is a flightless bird in which males often outnumber females. In this system, either a pair (male and female) raises offspring, or a trio (a pair helped by a subordinate male) raises offspring. The subordinate male in a trio is usually the brother of the male of the pair. Given the following data: a. First year breeding pairs with no helpers average 1.1 offspring produced during that year. b. First year breeding trios (Male and Female + subordinate male) produce 4.1 offspring on average. c. Experienced pairs produce about 5.5 offspring per year without helpers d. Experienced pairs with helpers (i.e. a trio) produce about 6.5 offspring per year. If a first year male is faced with three choices -- breed on its own, help a brother in his first year, or help an older, experienced brother -- which should it choose and why? Show your work and calculations, and state which of the three options is best, second best, and worst. (Remember, helpers are helping raise nephews/nieces, not siblings).

You hypothesize that antlers of male deer are costly signals of fighting ability that are directed toward other males. Give three testable predictions that stem from this hypothesis. How would you test each? (3 ways)

4) Describe the four evolutionary mechanisms that alter the frequencies of existing genetic variation in natural populations. You need to define each mechanism and describe at least one example of its action in natural populations (e.g., genetic drift in overhunted populations resulting in less genetic diversity).

6) What is climate change and what we should do about it? You need to describe how humans have been impacting on the atmosphere, greenhouses effect, carbon footprint, and climate change impact on biodiversity.

2) The origin of life on our planet can be traced back to an early primordial soup and to the origin of RNA. What is the RNA world? Name of the characteristics of RNA as one of the most flexible molecules that kick-stared complex life.

Microbiology:

How many types of B cells are produced in the process of clonal expansion? Summarize why each is needed for a thorough and long-lasting humoral immune response to an antigen.

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Here is Question 8.

Question 8:

The top strand of the following segment of DNA serves as the template strand:

3’ TACACCTTGGCGACGACT 5’

5’ ATGTGGAACCGCTGCTGA 3’

We will refer to this segment of DNA as the original (or unmutated) sequence.

Please answer the following questions:

(a) What is the mRNA sequence?

The mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

Question 10:

The original (unmutated) DNA sequence (shown above in Question 8) has been mutated to the following (this represents the template strand):

3’ TACGACCTTGGCGACGACT 5’

We will refer to this sequence as mutation #2.

Please note that for simplicity only the template strand for this mutated segment of DNA is shown.

Answer the following questions:

(a) What is the complete mRNA sequence for the mutated segment mutation #2?

The mutated mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

4 points   

QUESTION 11

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Question 11:

The original (unmutated) DNA sequence (shown above in Question 8) has been mutated to the following (this represents the template strand):

3’ TACACCTTAGCGACGACT 5’.

We will refer to this sequence as mutation #3.

Please note that for simplicity only the template strand for this mutated segment of DNA is shown.

Answer the following questions:

(a) What is the complete mRNA sequence for the mutated segment mutation #3?

The mutated mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

4 points   

QUESTION 12

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Question 12:

(1 mark each)

In reference to the original sequence (shown in Question 8), classify each type of mutation present from Questions 9 to 11. Choose the best option for each.

QUESTION 13

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Question 13:

Most mutations have a neutral effect on the phenotype, function or survival of an organism because they do not elicit any noticeable change. Whereas other mutations can have a positive effect on an organism leading to new versions of proteins that help an organism adapt to changes in its environment; while other mutations can have a negative effect on the organism and result in a protein that does not function normally or at all.

Answer the following questions based on the responses you gave above in Questions 8 to 12.

(a) Based on the protein sequences that were produced as a result of mutation #1, mutation #2, or mutation #3, describe the effect, if any, these mutations would likely have on the function of the protein within the cell. Support your answer.

(b) If these mutations occurred within a germline cell and not a somatic cell, how would the effects of these mutations differ?

: Develop a public health policy of Malaria Emerging Diseases

A plant cell that contains 80% water in the cytoplasm has been flooded with 40% saltwater. What process will occur that will impact the size/weight of the cell?

Select one:

a. Diffusion of salt in the cell

b. Osmosis

c. Diffusion of salt out of the cell

d. Dynamic equilibrium

e. none are correct

explain each of these symptoms seprately

1-painful urination

2-thick,bloody discharge from male and female sex organs

3-burning sensation during urination

4-lower abdominal pain

5-abnormal bleeding in women

6-testicular pain in men

7-pain during intercourse

8-itching

9-painful bowl movement

10-heavy menstural bleeding

explain each of them clearly.

1. the reaction for photosynthesis is like the mirror image of another reaction called

A) ATP hydrolysis

B) redox reaction

C) phosphorylation

D) cellular respiration

2. Photosynthesis consists of which two set of reactions that are linked by redox reactions to generate chemical energy

A) light capturing reactions and splitting water  

B) light capturing reactions and chemiosmosis

C) light capturing reactions and Kelvin cycle

D) light capturing reactions and oxidative phosphorylation

3. The photosynthetic pigments of plant are located in or at the

A) cellular cytoplasm

B) thylakoid membrane

C) stroma

D) apoplast  

4. To date, in all of biology, only Photosystem II is known to use solar energy to

A) provide highly energetic electrons to redox reactions that generate chemical energy

B) to provide energy for chemiosmosis

C) absorb light of a wavelength between 550 and 600 nm

D)  produce oxygen by oxidizing (or splitting) water.

5. Rubisco is

A) the enzyme that fixes CO₂ to RuBP

B) a slow enzyme

C) an enzyme that can catalyze two different reactions

D)  All of the above

14) Using the following findings of volume flow and osmolarity throughout a nephron, describe andfully explain the processes occurring at each of the listed sites of the nephron, to generate the listed flow and osmolarity.

Blood flow into the glomerulus is at 280 mOsM, of which the albumin (large proteins) constitutes 90 mOsM. FLUID OSMOLARITY FLOW VOLUME Glomerular Filtrate 300 mOsM 7.5 L per hour End of Proximal Tubule 300 mOsM 2.5 L per hour End of Descending Loop 1200 mOsM 0.625 L per hour End of Ascending Loop 100 mOsM 0.625 L per hour Distal Tubule through End of Collecting Duct 100 mOsM 0.25 L per hour GLOMERULUS -PROXIMAL TUBULE -DESCENDING LOOP -ASCENDING LOOP -DISTAL NEPHRON

15) Describe the expected immune response to the following scenario: enveloped virus particles enter through the respiratory system, infecting epithelial cells of the upper airways. As the bronchial epithelial cells die and release new viral particles, these enter lymphatic capillaries and travel to the lymph nodes in the neck

. (16) A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.

Question 6:

(1 mark)

An mRNA has the following codon:

5? GCA 3?.

What tRNA anticodon will bind to this codon?

The tRNA anticodon 5'  3' will bind to the mRNA codon 5' GCA 3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

1 points   

QUESTION 7

Question 7:

(1 mark)

A tRNA anticodon has the following sequence:

3' CUA 5'.

What amino acid does it carry?

The amino acid carried on a tRNA with the anticodon 3' CUA 5' is .

**Hint: You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question. And watch your 5' to 3' direction.**

1 points   

QUESTION 8

Questions 8 to 13 are based on the following information.

Question 8:

The top strand of the following segment of DNA serves as the template strand:

3’ TACACCTTGGCGACGACT 5’

5’ ATGTGGAACCGCTGCTGA 3’

We will refer to this segment of DNA as the original (or unmutated) sequence.

Please answer the following questions:

(a) What is the mRNA sequence?

The mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.

4 points   

QUESTION 9

Questions 9 to 13 are in reference to the DNA sequence shown in Question 8.

Question 9:

The original (unmutated) DNA sequence (shown above in Question 8) has been mutated to the following (this represents the template strand):

3’ TACATCTTGGCGACGACT 5’.

We will refer to this sequence as mutation #1.

Please note that for simplicity only the template strand for this mutated segment of DNA is shown.

Answer the following questions:

(a) What is the complete mRNA sequence for the mutated segment mutation #1?

The mutated mRNA sequence is  5'  3'.

**Please enter your sequence in the 5' to 3' direction. Deductions will be made if a sequence is inputted in the wrong direction.**

(b) Using the mRNA sequence you determined in part (a) of this question, give the sequence of the protein that would be translated.

The amino acid sequence for this protein is N-terminus  C-terminus.

**Please note**

The N-terminus refers to the beginning of the primary sequence for a protein, and the C-terminus refers to the end of the primary sequence for a protein.

i.e. input the amino acids in the order that they would be translated.

If a codon encodes for a stop codon, type STOP.

When inputting your sequence, separate each amino acid with a hyphen (e.g. Ser-Tyr-STOP).

You will need to consult the genetic code to answer this question.