Indicate whether the following statements apply to exotoxins or endotoxins 1. the effect is tissue specific e.g neurotoxin 2. these are made of protein and are often secreted by the pathogen 3. these are only produced by gram negative organisms 4. we are vaccinated against some of these 5. this causes diseases by producing a massive, systemic inflammatory response 6. this one tends to be more heat stable 7. this disease causing component is lipid A

2. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. What would you assume about the stability of serotonin? Please explain your answer.

which is considered characteristic of the acquired of the immunological system?

a. specificity

b. memory

c. recognition of self (self-preservation)

d. inducible

e. all of the above are true

Shark Questions:

1. What may be the purpose of counter shading in sharks and other types of fish?

2. What are the functions of the shark liver?

3. Make a flow chart (using arrows) of shark digestion.

4. Why are rugae necessary to shark digestion?

5. Why do you think carnivores have shorter intestines than herbivores; what might be the adaptive advantage?

6. Why does the ovoviviparous reproductive method improve the chances of an individual shark’s survival, but at the same time make the species of shark more vulnerable to overfishing and other environmental problems?

Indicate whether the following statements apply to B cells, T cells, both, or neither 1. Can produce memory cells 2. require contact with antigen presenting cells to be activated 3. are found in lymph nodes and spleen 4. produce and secrete antibodies 5. contribute to cell mediated immunity 6. can respond to cytokines

Steve and Marissa are in the midst of an acrimonious divorce. Their 9-year-old son Dennis has become hostile and defiant. How can Steve and Marissa help Dennis adjust?

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How does each level in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory - microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem - contribute to the effects of maternal employment on children's development?

Chordata, Vertebrata, Agnatha Questions

1. Read the descriptions provided above for the external structures and then label the lamprey diagram below.

2. The sea lamprey is a jawless fish. How is the outside covering of the lamprey different than that of other fish?

3. How many gill openings do they have?

4. Describe the purpose of the fins labeled 8 and 9. How is this different than the function of the fin labeled 10?

5. Could a sea lamprey bite you? Explain your answer.

6. What exits the body of the lamprey through the cloaca?

7. Name the four basic characteristics that invertebrate chordates share with jawless fish. What structure have the jawless fish evolved that the invertebrate chordates have not?

8. How is the mouth of the lamprey adapted to prey on other fish?

9. What is the function of the notochord? What replaces the notochord in vertebrates?

10. Do lampreys have any economic value (good or bad)?

Creating a transgenic organism

A. is the result of deleting DNA from specific genes of an organism.

B. is a form of natural selection.

C. is the result of adding DNA to an organism from another species.

D. happens spontaneously.

E. benefits all organisms.

How are artificial selection and natural selection similar?

A. Both require human intervention.

B. Both work to create a new species.

C. Both select for a specific trait(s) within a population.

D. Both processes only affect animals.

E. All of the above are correct.

Most commercial insecticides are effective for only a few years. This is because:

A. not enough is used.

B. natural selection for insecticide resistance occurs.

C. of artificial selection by farmers.

D. of genetic engineering creating new insects.

E. None of the above is correct.

Traits controlled by X-linked recessive genes appear more often in males than in females because:

A. the male inherits X-linked genes from his father.

B. the male inherits Y-linked genes from his mother.

C. the male needs only one copy of the gene for the trait to appear in his phenotype.

D. the male inherits more copies of the gene than does a female.

E. the male needs two copies of the gene for the trait to appear in his phenotype.

When animals synthesize Met, they typically use Asp as the starting point. Since they cannot incorporate inorganic sulfur, they use Cys as the source of sulfur, going by way of cystathionine. Finally, they use Serine as the source of the methyl group via folate metabolism.

Calculate the the number of ATP consumed (or produced) to drive this overall conversion:   

Asp + Cys + Ser →  Met + Gly + pyruvate + NH₃

Assume that synthesis of cystathionine from homoserine and Cys requires prior activation of the homoserine (e.g., by succinylation),

5. The bacterium Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative aerobe. a. Explain what this means in terms of its growth requirements. b. If you could mutate just one gene in the genome to convert it to a strict anaerobe, which protein would you eliminate? There is more than one correct answer, so please explain why.

I am interested in antibiotic resistance. How might I identify all genes that contribute to resistance to a given antibiotic in a particular isolate of bacteria all at once, using an approach that involves illumina sequencing? (note – this is not simply by genome sequence analysis – it’ll take a more complex experiment coupled to sequencing).

A. "Clonal selection" applies to which type of leukocytes? B. In which part of the body do the earliest stages of lymphocyte development occur? C. What event "triggers" the development of the cell to an activated cell? D. In what part(s) of the body does this triggering event typically take place?

In ecology, a population is best defined as:

A. all members of any one species living in the same place at the same time.

B. all members of all species living in the same place at the same time.

C. individuals interacting with the environment

D. everywhere on the planet where life is able to exist

E. all organisms living in the same place and time along with the non-living components of the area.

In the planetary carbon cycle, carbon is returned to the atmosphere by

A. fermentation.

B. the light reactions of photosynthesis.

C. the Carbon (dark/light-independent/Calvin) cycle reactions of photosynthesis.

D. glycolysis.

E. aerobic respiration in animals.

A multicellular organism has cell walls, but cannot photosynthesize. Into which Kingdom would this organism be classified?

A. Fungi.

B. Protista.

C. Animalia.

D. Plantae.

E. Flagellata.

1. Describe the mechanism of DCFDA and, what is the purpose of running assay

1. 2 How will we evaluate the cytotoxicity of the 3 compounds we are working with?Must describe the mechanism of CCK-8.