19. What is the function and structure of DNA?

Can someone explain the difference in homospores and heterospores? And which plants use which? And what each grow into?

Which statement is FALSE of the genetic code?

a) it contains a list of codons and the amino acids they code for which combine together to form proteins

b) a total of 20 amino acids are coded for by more than 20 codons

c) a codon 'word' consists of three nucleotides, and each codon codes for one amino acid

d) different codons can code for the same amino acid, if they share the same first two nucleotides in the codon

e) the third nucleotide in the codon needs to be precise for the correct amino acid according to the wobble hypothesis

What is natural hybridization between species?

a) the process of producing DNA clones by inserting the genes from one species into another

b) the process of individuals from dissimilar groups mating and forming viable offspring

c) the process of individuals that are genetically identical mating and creating genetically variable offspring

d) the process of amplifying small regions of DNA into millions of copies within a short period of time

e) none of these are true

After the process of meiosis is completed to form sperm and egg cells, they come together to created fertilized human cell which is..

a) diploid

b) haploid

c) a zygote

d) triploid

e) both A & C

What is NOT a physical characteristic of DNA?

a) double helix

b) antiparallel

c) complimentary base pairing

d) single stranded

e) has thymine bases

What is the direction of the flow of information within cells?

a) proteins, RNA, DNA

b) DNA, proteins, RNA

c) DNA, RNA, proteins

d) RNA, DNA, proteins

What is the difference between restriction enzymes (REs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

a) REs are used to create millions of copies of DNA, PCR is involved in inserting DNA from one place to another

b) REs are used in cell regeneration, PCR is used in inserting fragments into bacterial plasmids

c) REs help cut DNA into smaller fragments, PCR is used to transfer foreign DNA from viruses

d) RE's cut DNA at specific sequences of nucleotides, PCR is used to amplify a certain section of DNA into millions of copies

e) RE's use the Cas-9 enzyme, PCR uses the CRISPR enzyme

In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked gene, where red color is dominant to the mutation causing white eyes. If a red-eyed male mated with a white-eyed female, what will the phenotypes of the offspring be?

a) all of the females will have red eyes, all the males will have white

b) all of the females will have white eyes, all of the males with have red

c) all of the offspring will have red eyes

d) all of the offspring will have white eyes

Which is TRUE of a DNA mutation?

a) is a change in the nucleotide sequence

b) always results in a change in the protein

c) may change the protein IF the change in nucleotide sequence occurs inside of a gene AND changes the amino acid of a codon

d) all of the above

e) A & C only

True or False: DNA methylation is a type of epigenetic change which can alter gene expression, even though there is no mutation in the genetic sequence itself.

A scientist is studying the inheritance of two traits, red hair color and freckles. The genotypes of both parents are TtGg. However, the reuslts of the cross deviate strongly from the characteristic 9:3:3:1 ratio. What can you conclude from this information?

Discuss a) Genomic and complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries and b) The testing of pharmaceutical drugs.

How does the nucleus coordinate gene expression

What is the relationship between the number of chromosomes in an organism's genome and its biological complexity?

a) more complex organisms have a higher number of chromosomes due to a higher number of genes

b) organisms have the same number of chromosomes, even though they vary in complexity

c) there is no relationship, many less complex organisms have a large number of chromosomes

d) less complex organisms have fewer chromosomes because it takes less time and energy to replicate their cells

e) less complex organisms tend to have more chromosomes and more proteins encoded by them

Which molecule is required to carry the information stored in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

a) transfer RNA (tRNA)

b) DNA ligase

c) messenger RNA (mRNA)

d) the genetic code

e) termination enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

a) prophase

b) telophase

c) retrophase

d) anaphase

e) metaphase

Choose the correct order of heredity from smallest to largest.

a) gene, chromosome, allele, genome

b) gene, allele, chromosome, genome

c) chromosome, genome, allele, gene

d) allele, gene, chromosome, genome

e) genome, chromosome, allele, gene

The gene for earlobes is dominant, where EE= attached lobes. Sally is heterozygous for this gene. Which statement is true about Sally?

a) she has the phenotype for attached earlobes, and a genotype with one allele

b) she has a genotype for attached earlobes, and a phenotype with one allele

c) she has the phenotype for attached earlobes, and a genotype with two alleles

d) she has the genotype for unattached earlobes, and a phenotype with two alleles

e) she has the phenotype for unattached earlobes, and a genotype with two alleles

What is the group of three adjacent nucleotides which initiates polypeptide formation called?

a) termination sequence

b) genetic code

c) promoter

d) start codon

e) small subunit

explain two factors that might control the changes in distribution and virulence of malaria in a changing climate?

As a child, you greatly disliked having to receive vaccines by injection (shots). Therefore, you have elected to genetically engineer a vaccine that can be administered via ingestion. How would you design such a vaccine? (Provide concrete steps) What maybe some limitations of the vaccine you have designed? (example efficacy of the vaccine, effect of digestion).

why would aromsin compete with testostreone the precursor of estrogen.

Vitamins serve as co-enzymes in many biochemical reactions. What vitamins (co-enzymes) would you supply bacteria and which you would remove from the medium to prevent accumulation of fat by bacteria.

Imagine that you have been assigned four substances from which you will observe the rate of diffusion: substance #1: 212mg? substance #2: 1918 mg substance #3: 50 mg substance #4: 4 mg a) substance #2 will diffuse fastest at first but the other materials will catch up within an hour b) The rate of diffusion for the four substance will be equal