Question

Can someone answer it for me and may i have the reference in apa format? thank you in advance!

1. What is cholesterol's mechanism of absorption, synthesis, esterification, and
metabolism?
2.Does the low-cholesterol diet translate to a lower risk of CHD?
3. Why is there a need to esterify cholesterols?
4. How does fatty acid contribute to the generation of energy via beta-oxidation
process.
5Why is there a presence of ketones in uncontrolled type 1 DM? Why is it
absent in type 2 DM?
6. How does phospholipid differ with triglyceride?
7. How does LP(a) differ with LDL in terms of structure?
8. What are the roles of various lipoproteins
9. What are the functions of various apolipoproteins
10. How are chylomicrons formed? How do they reach the circulation starting
from the intestines?
11. How does chylomicron transfer its lipid content to various tissues?
12. How does the intestinal pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?
13. How does the hepatic pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?
14. What happens to chylomicron remnants after the hydrolysis of its triglyceride
content (at least two events)?
15. VLDL also contains cholesterol and has Apo B-100 that can interact with LDL
receptors. Why is that it gives only its triglyceride contents to cells?
16. What are the two fates of VLDL remnants?
17. How does LDL deliver cholesterol to cells? Explain the mechanism
18. What are the two types of reverse cholesterol transfer pathways? Explain
each.
19. What is the clinical significance of lipid and lipoprotein testing?
20. What lipids and lipoproteins are associated with a higher risk of developing
CHD?
21. Aside from certain lipids and lipoproteins, what acute phase reactant is
considered as a sensitive predictor of risk for CHD?
22. What are the various methods used in measuring lipids and lipoproteins?
Explain each.

Can someone help me answer this question have the reference in apa format please ?
1. What is cholesterol's mechanism of absorption, synthesis, esterification, and
metabolism?
2. Does the low-cholesterol diet translate to a lower risk of CHD?
3. Why is there a need to esterify cholesterols?
4. How does fatty acid contribute to the generation of energy via beta-oxidation
process?
5. Why is there a presence of ketones in uncontrolled type 1 DM? Why is it
absent in type 2 DM?
6. How does phospholipid differ with triglyceride?
7. How does LP(a) differ with LDL in terms of structure?
8. What are the roles of various lipoproteins
9. What are the functions of various apolipoproteins
10. How are chylomicrons formed? How do they reach the circulation starting
from the intestines?
11. How does chylomicron transfer its lipid content to various tissues?
12. How does the intestinal pathway of lipoprotein metabolism work?

i edited it already just the 11 question. Can i get an answer for that please ?

Answer 1

Answer 1)

Absorption mechanism of cholesterol: Dietary cholesterol in the form of lipid emulsions, combines with bile salts to form bile salt micelles from which cholesterol can then be absorbed by the intestinal enterocyte. Once absorbed by the enterocyte, the cholesterol is reassembled into intestinal lipoprotein called as chylomicrons.

REFF: Hui, D. Y., & Howles, P. N. (2005, April). Molecular mechanisms of cholesterol absorption and transport in the intestine. In Seminars in cell & developmental biology (Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 183-192). Academic Press.

Cholesterol mechanism of synthesis: Cholesterol is generated from acetyl-CoA via a complex multistep process in which 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase mediates the rate-limiting step by catalyzing the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid.

REFF: Kumari, A. (2017). Sweet Biochemistry: Remembering Structures, Cycles, and Pathways by Mnemonics. Academic Press.

Cholesterol mechanism of esterification: Different enzymes catalyze the cholesterol to cholesteryl ester conversion depending on the location of the reaction, The conversion of cholesterol to cholesteryl ester is catalyzed predominantly by lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase (LCAT) in the peripheral transferase.

REFF:  Chen, Z., & Davidson, N. (2012). Genetic regulation of intestinal lipid transport and metabolism. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (pp. 1643-1662). Elsevier Inc.. and https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biofiles/cholesterol-esterification.html.

Cholesterol metabolism: Cholesterol is recycled in the body. The liver excretes cholesterol in the biliary fluids , which; is then stored in the gallbladder and then excreted in a non-esterified form into the digestive tract. Then about 50% of the excreted cholesterol is reabsorbed by small intestine back into the bloodstream.

REFF: Cohn, J. S., Kamili, A., Wat, E., Chung, R. W., & Tandy, S. (2010). Dietary phospholipids and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Nutrients, 2(2), 116-127.

Answer 2)

The common belief that best diet for prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD).is low saturated fat, low cholesterol diet is not supported by the available evidence from clinical trials and can thus not prove that in primary prevention, such diets (cholesterol less diet) don't reduce the risk of CHD.

REFF: Corr, L. A., & Oliver, M. F. (1997). The low fat/low cholesterol diet is ineffective. European heart journal, 18(1), 18-22.

Answer 3)

Cholesterol is necessary to be esterified because by converting cholesterol to cholesteryl esters more cholesterol can be packed in the interior of lipoproteins. This largely increases the capacity of lipoproteins, allowing for more efficient cholesterol transport through the blood stream.

REFF: .  Chen, Z., & Davidson, N. (2012). Genetic regulation of intestinal lipid transport and metabolism. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (pp. 1643-1662). Elsevier and https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biofiles/cholesterol-esterification.html.

Answer 4)

Fatty acids provide highly efficient energy storage, delivering more energy per gram than carbohydrates like glucose. In tissues with high energy requirement , such as heart which requires up to 50-70-% of energy in the form of ATP production, comes from fatty acid (FA) beta-oxidation. During fatty acid beta-oxidation long-chain acyl-CoA molecules, the main components of FAs are broken into acetyl-CoA molecules.

REFF: Kumari, A. (2017). Sweet Biochemistry: Remembering Structures, Cycles, and Pathways by Mnemonics. Academic Press. AND https://www.abcam.com/pathways/fatty-acid-oxidation.