Both Glucose and Fatty Acids can be completely oxidized to CO2, with the energy release used for the synthesis of ATP. In what ways are the biochemical processes involved similar or identical, and how do they diverge?

Explain how a dihybrid test cross can be used to determine if the autosomal linkage exists

1. What is the fitness (W) value?
   1. It determines how well an organism reproduces
   2. It determines how well an organism makes gametes of a particular genotype
   3. It indicates how strong an organism is
   4. All of the above

In a population of Austrians, the frequency of alleles determining the ABO blood type groups were estimated to be:

            I^A = 0.20

I^B = 0.15

I^O = 0.65

1. What is the expected genotypic frequency for AO?
   1. .26
   2. .85
   3. .13
   4. .50
2. If the fitness value (W) of I^OI^O was 1.0 and for all other genotypes W = 0.85, what would happen in future generations?
   1. The frequency of I^O would increase
   2. The frequency of I^O would decrease
   3. The frequency of I^A and I^B would increase
   4. None of the above

Select one form of SPECIATION and share your rendition of this process of speciation. You can upload a drawing you have made or you can list the steps that occur. Once again mutation which provides variation is at the heart of the process. Mutation is the engine that runs evolutionary change. IF VARIATION IS NOT PRESENT IN THE ORIGINAL POPULATION THERE IS NO VARIETY AVAILABLE TO ADAPT TO THE NEW ENVIRONMENT AFTER THE CHANGE IN THE HABITAT OCCURS . IF YOU SAY THAT THE CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES A MUTATION HAPPEN YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE CREDIT - BECAUSE THIS IS NOT CORRECT. MUTATIONS OCCUR RANDOMLY - NOT ON DEMAND

Make sure you account for this in your rendition.

By this I mean, you must show that a mutation has randomly occurred in the species prior to any other steps occurring. Once again showing the steps in the process is what is important here.

Draw or list each step in an example of speciation.

Allopatric speciation is just a fancy name for speciation by geographic isolation,

Peripatric speciation is a special version of the allopatric speciation model and happens when one of the isolated populations has very few individuals.

Sympatric speciation does not require large-scale geographic distance to reduce gene flow between parts of a population. Merely exploiting a new niche may automatically reduce gene flow with individuals exploiting the other niche.

In parapatric speciation, Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different part of the population’s range.

1. Who is Jared Diamond and what are his arguments?

2. How does he support his arguments? What evidence does he utilize/provide to substantiate his claims?

3. In terms of the three segments, how does he relate these factors (guns, germs, steel), to the modern era? 4. Are there any conclusions we can draw from his work that relates to the current pandemic? Please explain.

Explain how one could use the CRISPR system to generate a GFP C-terminal fusion to a protein (i.e. GFP should lie downstream of the sequences for your protein of interest.) Sketch a diagram to help explain your set-up, and be sure to upload an image of your drawing with your assignment. Explain your set-up clearly in writing.

What part of the inverted microscope is different than on a brightfield microscope?

a. The stage and the specimen

b. The light path

c. The coarse adjustment knob

d. The stage

e. The fine adjustment knob

f. All of these

What evidence is there that mutations in Sonic hedgehog can in fact cause holoprosencephaly? Is it convincing?

In a discussion with the mother after the birth of the child, Dr. Reed asked if the mother had diabetes or if she had consumed any alcohol during pregnancy. Why did Dr. Reed want to know this information?

1. tell about the Opium Wars.

____________is a feature of many microbial eukaryote life cycles, which include a multicellular diploid phase and a multicellular haploid phase.
A) Sporic life B) Conjugation C) Gametic D) Zygotic E) all of the previous

24.A reaction has a deltaG of 5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would most likely be true?

A. The reaction would result in products with a greater free-energy than in the reactants.

B. The reaction could be coupled to and thus powered by another reaction with a deltaG of -1.0 kcal/mol.

C. The reaction would release free energy.

D. The reaction is spontaneous.

E. The reaction is exergonic.

26. If we follow the oxidation of just one molecule of glucose, how many net ATP have been formed up to the end of the citric acid cycle?

A. 3

B. 2

C. 4

D. 5

E. 8

31.The Na+/K+ pump consummes a considerable amount of the total ATP produced by the cell (~30% for most cells and up to 70% in neurons), so this pump is critical for cellular function. Which of the following is true?

A. This pump contributes to a positive interior charge and thus resets the resting membrane potential of a neuron.

B. This pump is an example of passive transport.

C. This pump is a channel protein.

D. In the animal gut, the Na+ gradient generated by this pump is used to actively move glucose into the cell via coupled transport.

E. This pump hydrolyzes two ATP for each cycle through its conformations to move three Na+ ions and two K+ ions.

33. Which of the following is false regarding the structure of aquaporin?

A. The pore of this channel is selective and only allows water to cross the membrane.

B. The transmembrane portions of this channel that interact with the nonpolar tails of phospholipids are expected to be mostly hydrophobic amino acids.

C. This is an integral membrane protein that provides a pore through the membrane.

D. The pore of this channel is expected to be lined with hydrophobic amino acids.

34. Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A. Only heterotrophs require oxygen.

B. Only autotrophs have mitochondria.

C. Heterotrophs can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

D. Autotrophs are the ultimate source of organic compounds for heterotrophs.

E. Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs.

34.The Calvin cycle could not occur without the light reactions. Which of the following statements describes why this is the case?

A. ADP and NADH produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

B. ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

C. ADP and NADP+ produced in the light reactions provide the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

D. Molecular oxygen produced in the light reactions provides the energy for the production of sugars in the Calvin cycle.

E. Photons of light directly activate the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle.

37. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is converted to.....
A. NAD+

B. water

C. the organic fuel (ie, glucose)

D. carbon dioxide

E. ATP