The Potassium Channel is a protein that lives in the plasma membrane in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe the path that the Potassium Channel takes to end up in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells and the path it takes in prokaryotic cells (starting from it’s DNA sequence).

3 quotes of marine biologists about their careers with names of the person who said it.

Genetics: Combined Factor V & VIII

Part 1: Describe what happens to the product of the gene that causes the double clotting factor disorder in the ER and the golgi apparatus.Describe what happens to the product of the gene that causes the double clotting factor disorder in the ER and the golgi apparatus.

Part 2: What is the evidence that a mutation in a single gene causes this double deficiency? That is, how does the inheritance pattern differ from what it would be if families inherited each condition independently?

5) Every vertebrate is a chordate but not every chordate is a vertebrate. Compare the three groups we discussed in the non-vertebrate chordate lecture (Hemichordata, cephalochordate, urochordata) and explain the differences between the following in one or two paragraphs:

i) between the groups

ii) between those phyla and the vertebrates.

iii) describe the relationship of the hemichordates to other deuterostomes.

iv) What physical feature found in all of these groups is an advantage that has led to “pre-adaptedness” in the chordates? What does that physical feature allow that creates this opportunity?

Why do you think the topic of Early Human migration to America is controversial for archaeologists?

Based on the structures of the fungus Gymnopilus ventricosus below, which phylum does it belong to?

A.) Ascomycota

B.) Basidiomycota

C.) Chytridiomycota

D.) Glomeromycota

E.) Zygomycota

1. (3) How could you tell if a plant you have found is a sporophyte or a gametophyte? Use your imagination and describe an experiment you could do.

2. (3) a. Explain why the sporophyte is “dependent” on the gametophyte in the moss and the fern.

b. Which is the “dominant” form in each of these?

Distinguish between a Zygomycete and a Basidiomycete. What is similar and what is different? (3) Answers must include the sexual cycle details. Including a drawing would be very helpful.

What are the history and steps of the next-generation sequencing in DNA tools and technology?

draw an example of the hierarchy of life that starts with a species and goes on and on

What is found at each different level?

1) What will happen to the effective population size if we change the sex ratio from 50% to 90% female? Genetic drift will increase because

(A)The effective population size will increase

(B) The effective population size stay the same

(C) The effective population size will decrease

(D) The effective population size is unpredictable

2) Which stochastic factor(s) was resulting in the prairie chicken population in Illinois heading towards extinction before the translocation of more birds from outside the state?

A. Demographic stochasticity.

B. Genetic drift (and likely) inbreeding.

C. Environmental stochasticity

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

3) Which of the following increases the probability that the cartoon prey in a southern population would adapt to the invading predator by evolving longer legs?

A. High heritability of leg length.

B. Large positive selection differential for leg length.

C. Low migration rates between invaded and uninvaded comic prey populations.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

1- Write a comparison of the stages of meiosis to the stages of mitosis. Which stages are unique to meiosis and which stages have the same events in both meiosis and mitosis?

2-On a piece of paper construct a Venn diagram to describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.

3- Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. Describe what would happen to the gamete chromosome number if the nondisjunction happened during Meiosis I. Describe what would happen to the gamete chromosome number if the nondisjunction happened during Meiosis II. Which would be a more serious issue and why?

Part I – Infertility Issues
Jane sat nervously in the examination room. She had no idea what to expect. Her husband, Brian, gave her a

reassuring smile and squeezed her hand. There was a knock on the door and then it opened to admit the physician.

“Hello, Jane. I’m Dr. Klein and I’ll be doing your fertility assessment today.”

“It’s nice to finally meet you Dr. Klein. This is my husband, Brian.” The two men smiled at each other and shook hands.

Dr. Klein sat down on the stool and opened up a thick file. “Jane, I’ve looked over the medical files that you had sent over to our office and I’ve examined the preliminary blood tests you had done at our office last week. I just need to ask you a few questions, and then we’ll do a quick examination to help me try to get to the cause of your fertility issues.”

“Sure, I’ll answer the best I can. Was anything missing from my medical records?” Jane asked, concerned that she had forgotten to send something the doctor would need. “We’ve been trying to get pregnant for two years and nothing has worked. We both want kids so badly, and a friend recommended you, so I hope you can help us.”

Dr. Klein smiled kindly at Jane and Brian. They were young, and there was no obvious explanation in Jane’s file for her infertility. Dr. Klein’s initial notes about Jane’s medical history and recent blood tests included the following:

• 28-year-old Caucasian female.

• Diagnosed at 14 with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• Diagnosed with anemia in her early 20s; current hemoglobin levels at 7 gm/dl.

• Active lifestyle until past year; used to exercise daily and run half marathons until recent joint pain hindered her.

• Broken wrist last year after a minor fall.

• No history or abnormal pelvic exams or PAP smears.

• Hormone levels (estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH) in normal ranges.

• Patient reports her menstrual cycles are not very regular.

• Positive for several classes of autoantibodies.

  Looking up from his notes, Dr. Klein asked, “Jane, have you been able to control your IBS symptoms? Do you still have bouts of diarrhea or constipation despite a healthy diet?”

  “I’ve never really been able to control the symptoms as much as I’d like,” Jane said. “It’s something I’ve just learned
  to live with. I’ve tried all sorts of different diets and nothing seems to help. I felt a little better on the new low carbohydrate diet that people have been talking about, but it was really hard to stick to.” She looked questioningly at her husband, silently wondering what her stomach problems could have to do with her fertility issues.

“When Good Antibodies Go Bad” by Cozine and Gripka Page 1

“One of the things we test your blood for are the presence of autoantibodies. Recent studies indicate that women with infertility problems may have higher levels of autoantibodies in their blood. Your test results show that you are positive for several autoantibodies at levels higher than we would expect in a healthy female.” Dr. Klein could see the obvious confusion on Jane and Brian’s faces. “Do either of you know what antibodies or autoantibodies are?”

Questions

1. Pretend you are Dr. Klein and first explain what an antibody is to Jane and Brian.

2. Relate the basic definition of an antibody to explain an autoantibody in terms Jane and Brian will be able to understand.

3. What are three examples of autoantibodies that can be detected and the diseases they are associated with?

4. Given her digestive problems and the presence of autoantibodies (indicating that her condition is autoimmune), what are some possible diseases (besides IBS) that Jane might have?