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a) Explain the steps by which reactive drug metabolites or reactive oxygen species cause cell damage and death.

b)What is glutathione (GSH) and why is it important in cells?

List and discuss the implications of brain areas possibly involved in sexual orientation.

Two theories have been proposed regarding the aging process: the rate-of-living theory and the evolutionary theory of aging. Compare and contrast these two theories. Are there any similarities? What are their differences? Which elements are supported by research, and which elements have been refuted?

1. Skeletal modifications that assist with avian bipedal locomotion include:

A. uncinate process

B. expanded ilium

C. pygostyle

D. carina

In cats with tortoiseshell coat color, the fur is white with patchy black and orange spots. In cats, the tortoiseshell gene is on the X chromosome, and the tortoiseshell phenotype requires the presence of 2 different alleles at this locus: one for orange fur (o) and one for black fur (b). Which phenomenon best explains why female cats can inherit tortoiseshell coat color?
(A. In females, the alleles for coat color are pleiotropic, resulting in patches of orange and black coat color.

  
B In females, these coat color alleles show incomplete dominance, but in males, the coat color alleles do not.

       
C Females typically express both the orange and the black allele in each cell (alleles are co-dominant), making orange and black coat color possible.

       
D Females are mosaic with respect to their X chromosomes, because in each cell, one of the X chromosomes is randomly inactivated.)

If a black female cat mates with an orange male cat, what proportion of their female offspring are expected to be tortoiseshell cats?

1. PCR takes advantage of the steps of DNA replication. Match each step of PCR with the protein that the PCR step has replaced.

Explain on two paragraph

Various areas of Evidence support the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from parasitic prokaryotic cells living in the cytoplasm of primitive eukaryotic cells. What types of evidence would you look for to support or contradict this theory?

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited disorder in which a mutation in a single autosomal gene leads to inability to break down the amino acid called phenylalanine. Babies born with PKU often have the following symptoms: a musty odor to the skin, hair, and urine; vomiting and diarrhea; irritability; itchy skin, and sensitivity to light. If this condition goes untreated, it can lead to the loss of skills, growth and developmental delays and seizures. The term that best fits with this description of PKU is:

2.

PKU is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Bob and Jan are healthy. Bob is not a carrier of this disorder, but Jan is a carrier of the PKU allele (She is heterozygous.). If they have a child, what is the probability that this child will show the disorder PKU (have the phenotype for PKU)?

3.

PKU is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Bob and Jan are healthy. Bob is not a carrier of this disorder, but Jan is a carrier of the PKU allele (She is heterozygous.). If they have a child, what is the probability that this child will show the disorder PKU (have the phenotype for PKU)?

4. Huntington disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder with adult onset. Sally has Huntingon disease (She is a heterozygote for this gene). Her partner John does not have Huntington. Suppose Sally and John have 3 children. What is the probability that NONE of their children inherit Huntington Disease?

CODIV-19 has been sweeping across the globe, rendering all physical interaction hazardous, as such, most people and businesses opted to use remote and distant approaches. With that in mind, Provide a comparison of three physical solutions that have been substituted with virtual solutions.for eg: students going to  university now have classes online,so the physical solution has been substituted to virtual solution

(Please justify your answer) A rare mutation generates a fourth blood group, C, where they are missing one additional carbohydrate from the glycoprotein, i.e. type I with one more sugar missing. What ABO blood groups could donate to this individual?

Flower color in a diploid plant is governed by a single gene with 2 alleles (C^R and C^W). Inheritance of flower color follows a pattern of simple Mendelian genetics with dominance.

Scoring of 1850 plants gives the following data:

Flower Color                 Genotype    Number

Red    C^RC^R   467

Red                                     C^RC^W      946

White                                  C^WC^W      437

a) The allelic frequency of C^R is [A] (enter your answer as a decimal rounded to three significant figures after the decimal, in the form '0.xyz'; be sure to round off correctly).

b) The allelic frequency of C^W is [B] (enter your answer as a decimal rounded to three significant figures after the decimal, in the form '0.xyz'; be sure to round off correctly).

Now, assume that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium at the flower color locus.

c) Under the assumption of H-W equilibrium, the expected frequency of dominant homozygotes with red flowers under is [C] (enter your answer as a decimal rounded to three significant figures after the decimal, in the form '0.xyz'; be sure to round off correctly).

d) Under the assumption of H-W equilibrium, the expected frequency of heterozygotes with red flowers is [D] (enter your answer as a decimal rounded to three significant figures after the decimal, in the form '0.xyz'; be sure to round off correctly).

e) Under the assumption of H-W equilibrium, the expected frequency of recessive homozygotes with white flowers is [E] (enter your answer as a decimal rounded to three significant figures after the decimal, in the form '0.xyz'; be sure to round off correctly).

A chi-square goodness-of-fit test is performed, The chi-square statistic = .898 and the P value is between 0.5 and 0.1.

f) This population of plants [F] in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (enter either 'is' or 'is not' in the space provided).