In Plant physiology

1. The control of development in plants is more “plastic” (“flexible”) than in animals. Provide one piece of experimental evidence that supports this statement.

2. Glutamate synthetase is central to nitrate assimilation. As a graduate student, you would like to study how this enzyme is regulated by the presences of nitrate in the environment. Describe the design of your experiment that will look at regulation of this enzyme by nitrate. Remember to include controls in your description

Describe how you could separate a mixture of cytochrome C, ferritin and an enzyme X (MW 450 kDa and pI 8.4) using only one chromatography column. Be sure to include the type of column, the type of gel or resin, and the conditions to ensure elution ( and separation) of the proteins.

1. Before reading info from the textbook, what did you believe about the amount of carbohydrate you should have in your diet?

2. After reading info from the textbook, why does the body require an adequate amount of the "good" carbohydrates? How will this knowledge impact your diet?

Use the article to answer these questions. Let me know if you need more information.

What question was asked?

Summarize the main points of the article—what is the primary goal or aim of the described study?

How was the question asked?

Summarize the main methods used in the study.

What did the authors find?

Summarize the major results of the study.

How does this article provide background information for quorum sensing in gingivitis?

Some possible questions you could address…How does this paper improve your knowledge of quorum sensing in gingivitis? Identify a key figure in the paper and describe its interpretation within the paper – How does the figure relate to what you may find in researching quorum sensing in gingivitis?

Article:

Bacterial Quorum Sensing and Microbial Community Interactions

ABSTRACT

Many bacteria use a cell-cell communication system called quorum sensing to coordinate population density-dependent changes in behavior. Quorum sensing involves the production of and response to diffusible or secreted signals, which can vary substantially across different types of bacteria. In many species, quorum sensing modulates virulence functions and is important for pathogenesis. Over the past half-century, there has been a significant accumulation of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms, signal structures, gene regulons, and behavioral responses associated with quorum-sensing systems in diverse bacteria. More recent studies have focused on understanding quorum sensing in the context of bacterial sociality. Studies of the role of quorum sensing in cooperative and competitive microbial interactions have revealed how quorum sensing coordinates interactions both within a species and between species. Such studies of quorum sensing as a social behavior have relied on the development of “synthetic ecological” models that use nonclonal bacterial populations. In this review, we discuss some of these models and recent advances in understanding how microbes might interact with one another using quorum sensing. The knowledge gained from these lines of investigation has the potential to guide studies of microbial sociality in natural settings and the design of new medicines and therapies to treat bacterial infections.

Which food groups are often missing from high-calorie, energy-dense diets?

According to the abc model of floral development, which genes would be expressed in a showy ornamental flower with multiple sepals and petals but no stamens or carpels? Please explain your answer.

1. What are the reproductive strategies for plant reproduction?

A microelectrode delivers a current pulse that depolarizes the presynaptic terminal above threshold. Describe the events that occur (in molecular detail) immediately after depolarization. Your answer should finish with the response of the postsynaptic neuron. The presynaptic neuron releases ACh and the postsynaptic neuron has ionotropic AChR.

what channels are activated in terminal?

what currents flows through the membrane? What direction? Why?

what are all the proteins involved in the release of ACh vesicles?

mechanism?

1) All living organisms, including bacteria, plants, humans and other animals, are made up of one or more cells. Explain why all living organisms need to have DNA. Include the words genes and proteins in your explanation.

2)Explain how a difference in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene could result in one boy being albino and the other boy having normal skin and hair color.

3)Copy and complete this chart to describe how a person's DNA determines whether he has hemophilia. (Hint: begin by completing the bottom box in the protein column.)

4) Explain why a cell needs to replicate its DNA before the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Why does signaling through a peptide growth factor (such as Epidermal Growth Factor) allow for more rapid responses in a cell than signaling through a steroid hormone such as estrogen?

Answer for Cabbage:

1. What microbes are involved in the process?
2. What is the purpose of adding the ingredients in your recipe?
3. What metabolic processes are the microbes undergoing – what specific by-products are they producing that contribute to the changes in the food?
4. What changes occur in your food during the fermentation? e.g. Does the amount of oxygen in the container change? Why?  Same questions for carbon dioxide, pH, alcohol, temperature.

Compare the facial prognathism and cranial capacity in apes and hominins. How do hominins differ from apes in their facial prognathism? Their cranial capacity?

How do apes and hominins compare with regard to their foramen magnum?

Why do apes have a larger nuchal area?

Why do apes have larger temporal muscles?

Why do apes have a larger zygomatic arch?

What is the function of the brow ridge?

What is the function of the sagittal crest?

How do the teeth and jaws of apes compare to the teeth and jaws of hominins?

What is a canine diastema? Do we see this in hominins? Explain your answer.

One structure appears to increase in size in hominins, what is it?

What structures (there are several!) decrease in size in hominins compared to apes?

Indicate whether the individual volunteering to donate blood for homologous transfusion should be accepted or deferred.

A. Defer Temporarily        B. Defer for 6 Months    C. Defer Permanently           D. Accept E. Accept After Obtaining Medical Approval

20. _D._ A 65-year-old man whose birthday is tomorrow.
21. _A._ A 45-year-old woman who donated a unit during a holiday appeal 54 days ago.
22. _E._ A 50-year-old physician (Hgb 13.2 g/dL), who visited a country endemic for malaria but did not take prophylactic medicine.
23. _C._ A 25-year-old man who says he had yellow jaundice while in high school.
24. _A._ An 18-year-old with poison ivy on his hands and face.
25. _D._ A 77-year-old man
26. _E._ A 35-year-old runner (Pulse 46)

(Are these answers correct?)

Learner Outcomes
BI280-04 Compare and contrast the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.
BI280-04.02 Compare the phases of microbial growth and describe the relation to generation time.
Lab Extension
At 82% progress is this lab simulation you are asked to create your own experiment.

What observation or questions are you investigating with this experiment?

Write down your hypothesis.

Describe the experimental design .

Define the term control group. Which tube is the control?

Define the term experimental/treatment group. Which tube is the experimental/treatment group?

Define independent variable. In this experiment what is the independent variable?

Define dependent variable. In this experiment what is the dependent variable?

. Describe the data collected from the experiment. Include the temperatures you tested and how the growth curves differed. Describe differences (if any) in the lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. At this point do NOTinterpret the results.

Was your hypothesis supported or rejected?

Interpret the results to draw a conclusion. Think about WHY you had the results you did and HOWthis relates to temperature as a limiting factor in bacterial growth.