4. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are required for tumorigenesis.

Does targeting mitochondrial metabolism represent a viable therapeutic strategy?

Discuss the evidence both for and against targeting mitochondrial metabolism for the treatment of cancer. (1/2 page max)

Please type, hand written answers are hard to read. Please address all parts of the question.

10. Which of the following would be the most detrimental mutation?

A. AGCTCTGAT -> ACCTCTGAT

B. AGCTCTGAT -> AGCTCTGATGAT

C. AGCTCTGAT -> ACCTCTGAA

D. AGCTCTGAT -> AGCTCGAT

How are pressure and volume related?

8. Which of the following describes the initiation of bacterial transcription

A. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence

B. The sigma factor binds at the -10 location

C. Transcription begins at the +1 site which is always the start codon

D. RNA polymerase disassociates with the sigma factor as it begins adding nucleotides at the 3’ end

Describe the features of AP-1 members that make them unique amongst transcriptional activators

Describe how the activation of Gs protein receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and ligand-gated calcium ion channels can lead to changes in c-fos gene transcription

6. Which colony of bacteria will reach have the most cells after 24 hours of growth?

A. A colony that Starts with 50 cells and has a doubling time of 120 minutes

B. A colony that Starts with 100 cells and has a doubling time of 3.5 hours

C. A colony that Starts with 10 cells and has a doubling time 7 hours

D. A colony that Starts with 25 cells and has a doubling time of 350 minutes

Why do organisms have hemoglobin & how is the Antarctic fish is able to survive without it?

Metabolism is essential to life and is the process by which cells make energy to carry out all of the processes required for them to survive. Metabolism requires that the organism transport substances from the environment into the cell to utilize in their metabolic pathways. Bacteria have a diverse array of potential metabolic processes to make energy. Given the information below (A. and B.), describe how the organisms would make ATP in the environment they are found. Make sure to discuss in detail each of the pathways, including the starting products, end products, components of the ETC (if applicable), how the cell makes ATP during this process, where in the cell each of these pathways occur and the transport mechanism(s) utilized to move the starting products from the environment into the cell.

A. An anaerobic organism that is only able to ferment lactose.

B. A facultative aerobic organism that is in an environment that lacks oxygen but is rich in

nitrate which can serve as a terminal electron acceptor

Describe the basic process to clone a cDNA vs. genomic library using PCR technique

Describe how members of the CREB, CREB-like and AP1 families of transcription factors regulate gene transcription

Outline in detail how activation of PKA, MAPKs and CaMKII can lead to gene transcription through CREB

Explain how the genetic code is used to make protein.

For the reproductive system. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones of what gland? describe in 10-15sentences

Please, type the answer

Compare and contrast GPCR signaling and enzyme-coupled signaling. Focus on the general mechanism of these signaling pathways.

Why are mycobacteria (Mycobacterium)harder to control than other bacteria?

What makes an enzyme specific(what causes an enzyme to be specific)?

Compare and contrast neurotransmitter receptor-mediated effects on gene transcription with steroid receptor-mediated effects on gene transcription