We spent a lot of time comparing B cell and T cell surface molecules and activation – how they’re similar and different. For each of the following, compare similarities and differences. Make sketches where indicated. Feel free to use additional sketches if they help you learn the material.

A. Compare the TH-Macrophage interaction (which activates TH cells) with the TH-B cell interaction (which activates B cells). Make a sketch of each interaction that shows the important cell surface proteins involved. Also state in words the sequence of events involved in each activation.

B. Compare T cell receptors (TCR) with B cell receptors (BCR). How do they form? What do they look like? To what do they bind? What is the difference between somatic recombination and class switching (a.k.a. “isotype switching”), and which of these happens only for BCRs?

C. Compare antigen display on MHC-I with display on MHC-II. Where do displayed antigens come from? How do they get attached to MHC-I/II? What happens when the corresponding T cell binds to each MHC? Which display is more important for your immune system to recognize viruses? To recognize bacteria?

In a pine’s life cycle, hybrid “1” pine tree the needles were found to have the
alleles Ll (heterozygous) producing long needles. In a hybrid “2” pine tree, the
needles were found to have the alleles ll (homozygous recessive) producing
short needles. If a pollen from hybrid “1” pollinated hybrid “2” to form a hybrid “3”
plant which about 50% were long needle and 50% were short needle. Give the
genotypes for the following structures found in the life cycles of these plants:
Genotype of the pollen grain’s nucleus of plant hybrid “1”?
Genotype of archegonia of plant hybrid “2”?
Genotype of megaspore mother cell of plant hybrid “2”?
Genotype of sporophyte of plant hybrid “3”?
Genotype of microspores of plant hybrid “1”?
Genotype of hypocotyl of plant hybrid “3”?
Genotype of seed coat of plant hybrid “2”?
Genotype of ovary of plant hybrid “2”?

Draw and label the parts of the entire ovule and its content’s at maturity (before
fertilization) of the two Divisions “angiosperm” and “gymnosperm (pine)”. Explain
what happens to the various parts of each ovule. Give differences between
these two ovules.

FLC is the key repressor of flowering in the process of vernalization. Methylation of Lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me) is a chromatin modification associated with heterochromatin. Methylation of Lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me) is a chromatin modification associated with euchromatin. Which proteins do you expect to be active on the FLC gene at specific times of year?

. You have extracted extrachromosomal DNA and genomic DNA from E. coli in the lab. What is the differentiating steps during the DNA isolation so that your target DNA is not contaminated with the other unwanted DNA (i.e. you are targeting extrachromosomal DNA, so you don’t want the genomic DNA, and vice-versa)? Why and how that step can differentiate between these groups of DNA

A mutation in the ras cellular oncogene can cause cancer when it is in the heterozygous condition, but a mutation in the RB tumor suppressor gene can cause cancer only when it is in the homozygous condition. What does this difference between dominant and recessive mutations imply about the roles that the ras and RB gene products play in normal cellular activities?

Medical testing: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for presence of antigen or antibody

EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

In this laboratory, you will test seven different patients using a direct ELISA. We have access to serum samples from the main characters of the TV show The Big Bang Theory. You will test each of them for the presence of ZIKA virus and HIV, as well as perform a pregnancy test, using known antigens/antibodies for those diseases/test. Students will work in pairs. Serum for each character of the Big Bang Theory has been incubated overnight at 4°C in the wells of an ELISA plate. You are taking it from here.

1.) What basic principles of antibody-mediated immunity are utilized in an ELISA assay?

2.) What might have caused some positive results to be lighter in color than others?

3.) Why can some viruses not be targeted by antibodies for destruction? Is this a limitation for developing an ELISA-based protocol for detecting the disease?

4.) Postulate a hypothesis on how the characters infected with Zika contracted the disease (in time and space); consider that two of them live in the same apartment and the others visit them frequently.

SYMBIOTS LAB different from above ^

1. If you give a high temperature and high light treatment to Symbiodinium linchaea and Symbiodinium minutum, what results do you expect after 3 weeks of treatment?

Please answer the below questions ( I need answers for all the below questions). Thank you

True or False

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.

_______ The heart consists mainly of muscle.

_______ Blood pressure is highest in veins.

_______ Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries.

_______ Platelets are blood cells that fight infections.

_______ Peripheral gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

_______ Food travels from the mouth to the stomach because of gravity.

_______ Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the stomach.

_______ For good health, you should never eat lipids.

_______ The kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system.

_______ Nephrons carry urine out of the body.

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.

____________ is blood pressure that is higher than normal.

The liquid part of blood is referred to as ____________.

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ____________ on blood cells.

Tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place are called ____________.

The disease in which air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow is ____________.

A wave of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive system is called ____________.

The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces is referred to as ___________ digestion.

The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections named ____________.

Solid waste that leaves the large intestine is known as ____________.

____________ are organic compounds needed in small amounts for the body to function properly.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a progressive genetic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system as well as many other organ systems. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, which leads to life-threatening lung infections. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This protein is responsible for regulating the flow of salt and fluids in and out of the cells in different parts of the body. Induced pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells might offer hope for curing CF. Describe how iPS cell technology can be used to treat individuals suffering from CF. Note: Your answer should indicate the most appropriate cells taken from the patient for conversion to iPS cells and the genes that need to be expressed or repaired.

Read this:

Cape Cod National Seashore officials have completed a draft shorebird management plan that proposes killing predators (primarily crows and coyotes) of the piping plover (a small endangered shorebird) so that they can open more areas for recreational users. The USDA could kill up to 50 animals in each of the first two years.

There are four alternative plans being proposed and The HSUS is recommending a version of Alternative D, which is the only proposal without lethal predator control. In 2010 our threat of litigation halted the planned crow poisoning and in 2011, Massachusetts residents were so outspoken on this issue that it halted the program again. Now, we need to show continued opposition.

Then:

you are to look into what has been done and what is currently being done to save the piping plover populations in the US, more specifically the Eastern seashore. After your research on plovers and two other organisms, do you feel as though humans should be stepping in to reduce the predators to help maintain the plover population? Why should we help any species? If these plovers and other organisms are not going to survive without human intervention, isn’t that evolution? Adaptation or extinction?

Background on plovers: range, habitat, reason for decline, what is currently being done to help? Is it a success or failure?

Plovers are not the only species that humans have set out to protect from extinction. Give information on two other organisms that humans have stepped in to help in some way. Background: range, habitat, reason for decline, current protections/what is being done. Success or failure?

Your educated opinion on whether we should help prevent organisms from going extinct or not.

How systems biology approaches can be utilized to engineer microbial production strains for biofuels and chemicals?

How can scientists utilize systems biology approaches to figure out how commensal and pathogenic microbiota modulate the host signaling, immune response, and other factors?

please answer both questions

Lately Jennifer is hungry all the time. She read on a Web site last night that if she limits her total fat intake to no more than 10% of her total calories, she can eat all the carbohydrates and protein that she wants, and she won’t gain weight. So Jennifer went right out to the yogurt shop down the street and ordered a large sundae with nonfat vanilla yogurt and fat-free chocolate syrup. She had to admit, though, that an hour or so after she ate it, she was hungry again. Maybe it’s stress ...?

1. What do you think of Jennifer’s approach to her persistent hunger?

2. What have you learned in this chapter about the role of fats that might be important information for Jennifer to know?   

3. What other physiological roles does fat play in the body?