1. One could say that the Calvin cycle is a
   1. reducing cycle
   2. oxidizing cycle
   3. neutral cycle (no net oxidation or reduction)
   4. hydrating cycle (water is introduced)

2. Succinate is produced in the glyoxylate cycle by the action of the enzyme
   1. citrate synthase                       c. aconitase
   2. isocitrate lyase                        d. malate synthase

3. The fatty acid most commonly made by animal cells is    
   1. myristic                                             c. stearic
   2. lauric                                       d. palmitic

4. The number of enzymes used in the synthesis of fatty acids is
   1. 1                      b. 2                  c. 5                  d. 7

Humanity has made countless genetic changes to our food through practices such as grafting and selective breeding. What sets genetic modification using biotechnology apart from that practice? In your answer, offer your own summary (referencing the material from this course) on how genetic cloning is achieved.

Explain how cellular ATP is replenished by phosphagens (phosphoguanidines).

What are the cellular roles of nucleoside diphosphate kinase and adenylate kinase?

Why is a thioester bond a “high energy” bond?

What are the metabolic roles of NAD⁺ and FAD?

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway, in which glucose is broken down to generate ATP. Would this pathway occur when there is high energy charge in the cell? Why/why not?

1. Demonstrate the energy production from glucose, fatty acid and amino acids at the cellular level step by step in a scheme you have created yourself. Entering, exiting, taking part etc. in all steps. specify all components

You are performing a wound-healing assay in the laboratory.

a) What protein would you use to coat the cell culture dishes and why?

b) What effect on wound healing would you expect if you were examining cells that had a mutation in the talin binding domain of integrins?

1.What is the physical basis of Mendel’s first and
second law?

2.What could be a reason that the first naturally
occurring mutant fly Morgan saw involved a
gene on a sex chromosome?

During his annual check-up, his doctor looked alarmed when his blood test revealed elevated cardiac troponin levels.

Describe the function of troponin in healthy cardiomyocytes.

Explain why Travis’ doctor was alarmed at his blood test results. Why did his serum cardiac troponin levels increase?

What protein complex links dynein to cargo?

1) Highlight the medical or environmental or industrial importance for each of the following with examples.

A) Saccharonmyces

B) candida

C) Rhizoprus

D) Penicillium

E) Aspergillus

1: Compairing the sequences of the 16S and 18S rRNAs has placed living organisms into the foloowing three Domains:

(a) Archaea, Eucarya, Fungi

(b) Eucarya, Fungi, Protista

(c) Plants, Animals, Prokaryotes

(d) Plants, Animals, Protista

(e) Eucarya, Archaea, Bacteria

2: During photosynthesis the enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates are located in the chloroplast's:

(a) Grana

(b) Stroma

(c) Thylakoids

(d) Chloroplast envelope

(e) The lumen

3: What is the amino acid R-group for cysteine?

(a) -H

(b) -OH

(c) -SH

(d) An organic acid

(e) A non polar ring

4: Enzymes are transported to the lysosome from the TGN i versiclescoated with what Protein?

(a) COPII

(b) Dynamin

(c) Lysozyme

(d) Clathrin

(e) Acid phosphatase

5: when a mitochondrial chaperone helps a mitochondrial matrix protein into the matrix by biased diffusion, the chaperone is said to be acting as a(n):

(a) Unbiased diffuser

(b) Hammer

(c) Biased diffuser

(d) Screw driver

(e) Ratchet

Jane, a 48 year old woman with no history of health complications had recently noticed that her show and glove sizes had increased and that her rings no longer fit her fingers. As much as she wanted to attribute this to her recent weight gain her lower jaw was protruding and she noticed that her facial features were getting abnormally coarse. To make matters worse she was urinating much more frequently and feeling thirsty. An initial blood test revealed that her blood glucose level was above normal but that her insulin blood level was within normal range.

A) Given the information, explain the reason for elevated glucose levels and polyuria despite normal insulin levels.

B) How ware Jane's recent physical changes connected to her elevated glucose levels? Provide the underlying mechanism.

Bacterial enumeration: Separate the methods of counting bacteria into direct or indirect. Provide the situation each would be utilized and it's strength and weaknesses.

protection factors provide information on the stability of individual amino acids in proteins. why is the determination of protection factors not possible using HDX-MS?