Part 4. For each of the following research hypotheses identify is the MOST IDEAL (strongest evidence) epidemiologic study design to address the hypothesis AND justify your choice. [Design/Method Selection]

a. Contaminated egg salad at a deli caused an outbreak of severe gastrointestinal disease.

b. Low birthweight causes adult-onset asthma.

c. Prenatal cocaine exposure affects later child cognitive performance.

d. Gene polymorphisms are associated with Type 1 diabetes.

e. Milk intake midlife is protective for the development of late-onset dementia at >70 years of age.

what are the major components of the cytoskeleton? Explain each by listing.

1. How many spermatids are formed after spermatogenesis?
2. What is the epididymis purpose?
3. What is the function of the Ductus (Vas) Deferens?
4. What does the seminal vesicle do? What volume is contributed to the semen?
5. Why is it so important that the semen be alkaline?

Use a numerical example to demonstrate that selection is not efficient at removing deleterious recessive alleles from a population.

First, choose a value of q, the frequency of the deleterious recessive allele in generation 1. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive?

Now, select a value for s and calculate the expected frequency of the allele in the next generation, q’. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive in this generation?

How do the two enzymes, phosphorylase kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase, work together to regulate the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme?

During cocoa pulp fermentation, how does the cross-feeding dynamic between lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria influence energy generation AND cell biogenesis in acetic acid bacteria and successful fermentation of cocoa pulp.

All mammals have oxygen sensing system to directly monitor the oxygen availability and energy sensing system which indirectly monitors the carbon source supply. Considering the important role of nitrogen element in biologic system, one can assume the existence of a nitrogen-sensing system as well. If you agree, discuss what this system might be. If you do not agree, write down your reasoning and argument. Either way you choose, please cite relevant reference to support your argument.

. Define plant development and explain which main developmental processes are required to build a plant. Indicate why plant development is an essential trait in agriculture giving some examples of developmental modifications selected throughout plant domestication.

Regarding the trp operon leader sequence:

1.What would happen if the leader sequence was mutated in region 3, such that the it was missing?

2. Regarding Electrophoresis:

Restriction endonuclease (why restricted?, why endo?   Why -nucl-? Why - ase?)

RFLP

Ethidium Bromide

Probe

3. DNA is ___________________ charged and therefore moves toward the _______________ electrode.

discussed two different methods of energetic coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. In your own words, describe each of these energetic coupling mechanisms and provide a specific example of each.

Q3 In the presence of a template DNA, a primer and deoxyribonucleotides, DNA polymerase synthesises DNA by adding complementary bases at the end of the primer/growing chain. The DNA template and the primer sequences are as follows DNA template 5`- ATGCGTGCGTACATACGCAATTCGAATGCGCGCTAACGGCCTTGCG-3` Primer 5`-CGCAAGGCCGTTAGCGC-3`

a. Deduce the sequence of the next five bases that will be added to the primer when all reagents needed for DNA synthesis are supplied in the reaction.

b. Generate the sequence of the newly synthesised shortest labelled fragment if labelled ddATP was also added in the reaction mixture?  

explain genomic fingerprinting