Look at this undecapeptide: Arg Asp Cys Glu Leu Lys Met Phe NH4+. What would each step do to the udecapeptide? Draw the final structure.

a. treatement with iodoacetate that had no affect on the undecapeptide.

b. treatment with 2 x 2-mercaptoethanol yielding a tripe-tide and octapeptide.

c. treatment with carboxypeptidase A liberated leucine.

d. treatment with cyanogen bromide yielding a methionine, a tripeptide and a heptapeptide.

The question states that these amino acids are only some components of the undecapeptide structure and that some amino acids within this structure may be repeated. The point is to determine the correct structure following several treatments. After these treatments, what conclusions can you make about the structure of the undecapeptide? What might the structure be?

The cells accumulate neutral red (pKa=7), their lysosomes swell-up to many times their normal size. The swelling cannot be accounted for simply by the mass of accumulated neutral red. Can you suggest what else may contribute to the swelling and why it occurs?

explain the importance of protons to the production of ATP in animal cells. Refer to all relevant cellular structures and/or molecules in your explanation.

A cell that is synthesizing insulin is lacking Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) receptors at the level of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In your own words, describe the impact, if any, on the synthesis and secretion (exocytosis) of insulin from the cell. Explain your answer..

I believe you have all been through the D.A.R.E. program in high school and college orientations with the warnings of alcohol, what 2 things stood out

11. Which ofthe following statements correctly describesthe difference between ATP and the
nucleotides used during DNA synthesis?
A. ATP contains three high-energy bonds; the nucleotides havetwo.
B. The nucleotides have the sugar deoxyribose; ATP has the sugar ribose.
C. The nucleotides have two phosphate groups; ATP has three phosphate groups.
D. ATP isfound only in human cells; the nucleotides are found in all animal and plant cells.

1-what tests can be used to detect Listeria monocytogenes?

2- ?Treatment – common resistances and alternative treatments – mechanism of action? for L. monocytogenes?

Draw by hand a 3 pass transmembrane protein of your own creation (not a known one) through a plasma membrane. In your drawing clearly draw and label: The plasma membrane and the extracellular and cytosolic side The C and N terminus All the regions where you expect to find higher proportions of polar amino acids All the regions where you expect to find higher proportions of nonpolar amino acids.

explain the importance of protons to the production of ATP in animal cells. Refer to all relevant cellular structures and/or molecules in your explanation.

1. Most cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs. Some other bacteria are called photoheterotrophs. What do you think this means in terms of metabolic capability and production? Explain. Would you think photoheterotrophs represent an ancestral group of photosynthetic organisms or a more recent group that evolved after the photoautotrophs?

2. Some plants with genetic defects are unable to photorespire. These plants end up being damaged under intense light. Researches identify this as evidence that photorespiration is a protective mechanism in plants. Why might a disabling of the photorespiratory pathway lead to cell damage and how might the process of photorespiration mitigate this damage?

The sports saga with MRSA continues. A recent article in the NY Times about college sports described “To prevent teammates from sharing towels to wipe their faces or arms on the sideline, trainers have sometimes employed a small army of interns who scoop up any used towel so it can quickly be placed in the laundry. Jim Thornton, the athletic trainer at Clarion University in Pennsylvania, said his teams had begun using chemically treated towelettes that are about half the size of a standard towel and are discarded after each use. The expense may be worthwhile. One study of high school football players concluded that sharing a towel makes the chance of a MRSA infection eight times more likely.” https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/sports/the-never-ending-battle-against-sports-hidden-foe.html

They are talking about community acquired MRSA, which is the same as subtype USA300. What genes made this MRSA able to be transmitted via towels and why? Would you expect nonMRSA S. aureus to be equally transmitted? Why or why not?

1-Give any two differences between archaea plasma membrane VS the bacterial and eukaryotic membrane.

2-What is difference between the L wall of gram-positive and negative bacteria?

3-Name any 2 structures that are outside the prokaryotic cell wall?

4- what is the difference between amphitrichous and peritrichous flagellar arrangement?

5- what are the general function of a cell wall in a eukaryotic cell?