After designing PCR primers, what next steps should be done? Explain briefly.

Discuss the general life cycle of viruses and relate key stages to their pathogenicity.

3 . a) What tissue structure are unique to animal and what are the benefits of these structures?

b.) In what way do animal cells differ from that of other multicellular eukaryotes? Explain.

c.) In what way(s) are sponges (Porifera/Parazoa) different from other animals (eumetazoans)?

d.) Describe the process of sexual reproduction in a typical animal.

e.) Describe the most common mode of asexual reproduction in animals.

f.) What is parthenogenesis?

The liver takes up cholesterol for excretion and metabolism from three
different lipoprotein particles (LDL, chylomicron remnants and HDL).
Describe the discovery, structure and functional characteristics of the
three receptors involved. Where appropriate, include examples of
genetic mutations that helped identify functional domains within each
receptor, and hence provided insight into uptake mechanisms.

1. Cystinuria is a disease characterized by the abnormal production of painful kidney stones. The stone formation does not appear to be related to patient dehydration. These stones are produced because certain amino acids tend to build up and crystallize outside the transport cells. Can your group think of any reason why a cell might fail to reabsorb organic molecules?
2. Epulos, a bacterium growing in the gut of tropical surgeonfish can reach the size of 500 micrometers. How does this compare to other bacteria and what problems does this present the Epulos? What are some ways that a cell this size could alter its structure to survive?
3. Many biologists speculate that the first major steps in the evolution of a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic ancestor would be the loss of a cell wall and the development of an extensive cytoskeleton. Why do you suppose these steps are so important? Specifically discuss what these steps allowed a eukaryotic ancestor.

What are PCR primers? Briefly discuss how primers can be designed

Segmentation first evolved in the organisms of phylum Annelida, and vertebrates evolved more recently. How does the vertebrate body plan display segmentation and what are some associated benefits?

I got this question wrong. Could someone help me understand the correct answer and reasoning.

You are being strangled! Why do you die? Include in your answer a description of the need for O2 for each of the following processes and explain the specific consequences of O2 depletion on each.

-glycolysis

-the citric acid cycle

-the electron transport chain

-fermentation

Male butterflies sometimes court females of other species with similar wing patterns. You are interested in how long males persist in courting the wrong female. You decide to test each male with a dead female, to control for the effect of the female’s behavior. You use three types of test females: one from the same species as the males, one from a different species with a similar wing pattern, and one from a different species with a different wing pattern. Each pair is placed in a cage, and you measure courtship time in seconds.​

#1 Female of same species: 23, 20, 17, 25, 28

#2 Female of different species, similar pattern: 18, 27, 24, 21

#3 Female of different species, different pattern: 22, 21, 23, 20

a. Which statistical test would you use to look for differences?

b. Perform the test. What is your test statistic? Can you reject your null hypothesis?

c. Give a biological reason why your test may have come out the way it did.

Understanding the molecular consequences of CFTR mutations has
significantly contributed to the development of new treatments for
cystic fibrosis.
(a) Discuss how mutations in CFTR lead to cystic fibrosis lung disease
(b) Describe examples of at least three novel treatments that have
been or are being developed to treat cystic fibrosis
(total min 500words)

Changing pH can disrupt biological systems. Which of the following would do you feel would be most affected by a change in the ocean pH: the cellulose in kelp algae, or the digestive enzymes in jellyfish? Explain your answer with logical chemistry-based concepts to support your answer.

What is the difference between double helix, triple helix and quadriplex              structure in in nucleic acid molecules? How are these formed? Which one is most stable and why? Can they contribute in DNA origami where you can make nano structures like cube boxes, etc.