1. What are the four key environmental limitations to plant growth, considered at global-
scale?
2. What are the major environmental factors that influence decomposition rates in
ecosystems?
3. Stomata are first seen in plant fossils from about 420 million year ago (Mya). List one
advantage and one disadvantage of stomata.
4. Cuticles are first seen in plant fossils from about 450 million year ago (Mya). List one
advantage and one disadvantage of cuticles.
5. An important evolutionary advance seen in angiosperms is that vascular tissue is largely
made up of vessels rather than tracheids. Describe one key advantage and one key
disadvantage of vessels over tracheids.
6. Give two reasons why bryophytes are generally constrained to wet habitats.
7. The most central and abundant enzyme in photosynthesis is
dominant pigment is_______.
while the
8. At what time of day does dark respiration happen?
9. C4 photosynthesis relies on several enzymes, most especially the initial fixation step
which is catalysed by the enzyme called______________ .
10. Name 4 of the largest (most speciose) plant families in Australia.
11. Name one characteristic plant genus in each of these Australian vegetation types:
a. Chenopod shrubland
b. Mallee woodland
c. Mulga woodland
d. Savanna
12. What functional roles do root hairs and mycorrhizas have in common?

1. Carbohydrates, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, heat and light are all participants in the
processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Write an equation to show the substrates
and products of each process.

2. Photorespiration occurs in illuminated green leaves. Describe photorespiration in broad
terms, why it only happens in the light, and what cost it imposes on C3 plants.

3.Rising atmospheric CO2 levels are predicted to favour particular photosynthetic types
(recall C3, C4 & CAM photosynthesis) relative to others. Plants of which type are likely to
benefit from rising CO2 levels, and why?

4.Define the concept of plant ecological strategy

5. What do the C, S and R stand for in Grimes triangular C-S-R ecological strategy scheme?
What traits might characterise a species in the "S" corner of the scheme?

6. List three key ecological advantages of seeds.

Which cell cycle phase would NOT progress if a lack of nutrients prevented cell growth?

a.Cytokinesis

b. S phase

c. Metaphase

d.G2 phase

Explain how a single gene effects two or more independent pathways using the example of an white eye phenotype for a fruit fly. Propose three hypothesis with details and explanation.

Explain pharmacokinetic interactionsunder ADME. Give an example to each one and mention the outcome of these interactions. Please write me long :) thanks you.

1. A measure of yeast cells preparing for mating is:

2. The alpha mating factor pathway signals through a:

3. A malignant tumor is more dangerous than a benign tumor because ______________________.

A butterfly shaped rash across the nose and cheeks is a common characteristic of?

Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, hashimotos thyroiditis

Biochemistry

"Thr-91 of Complex I is conserved through evolution. It is crucial for the functioning of Complex I in the Electron Transport Chain. I make two forms of mutant yeast: one in which Thr-91 is mutated to an alanine (Thr91Ala) and another in which Thr-91 is mutated to a tryptophan (Thr91Trp)."

Base on the data given, CREATE YOUR OWN QUESTION (best if can relates to electron transport chain of metabolism pathway). Then, find an ANSWER to your own question.

JJ KK and jj kk individuals (parents) were crossed to each other, and the F1 were testcrossed to the jj kk parent strain. The resulting offspring were: 999 Jj Kk : 999 jj kk : 1 Jj kk : 1 jj Kk. How would the testcross progeny ratios differ if the parents were JJ kk and jj KK instead?

Multiple Choice

• >9 Jj Kk : >1 jj kk : <3 Jj kk : <3 jj Kk

• 1 Jj Kk : 1 jj kk : 999 Jj kk : 999 jj Kk

• They would not change.

• 1 Jj Kk : 1 jj kk : 1 Jj kk : 1 jj Kk

• 9 Jj Kk : 3 jj kk : 3 Jj kk : 1 jj Kk

• <9 Jj Kk : <1 jj kk : >3 Jj kk : >3 jj Kk

If DNA primase incorporated a mismatched nucleotide, how would that affect the organism? Justify your answer.

Consider the following substances: alcohol, penicillin and rifamycin. Which of these substances would likely have the broadest spectrum of activity against microbes? Why? Identify one downside associated with this substance and its broad-spectrum activity.

You and 99 friends are on a three hour boat tour when the weather started getting rough and you were stranded on a desert island. Three of you friends are carriers of the gene for albinism, but no one on the trip is albino. What percentage of the island’s population in the next generation do you expect to be albino? Carriers of this gene?  

Assume that the albinism gene above also allowed individuals who are carriers to avoid a deadly illness caused by consuming the seaweed that grows on the island – one of the few food sources available. Do you predict that will impact the frequency of that allele in the gene pool?Assume that the albinism gene above also allowed individuals who are carriers to avoid a deadly illness caused by consuming the seaweed that grows on the island – one of the few food sources available. Do you predict that will impact the frequency of that allele in the gene pool?

How are vaccines made? - Why do they take so long to make? - Why can't you just walk into Walgreens and buy a vaccine for Covid-19 yet?