Females of genotype AaBbCc were crossed with males of genotype aabbcc.This resulted in 1000 progeny of the following phenotypes:

a) Calculate the distance between genes A and B.

b) Calculate the distance between genes B and C.

c) Calculate the observed frequency of double crossovers.

d) Calculate the expected frequency of double crossovers.

e) Draw the map of these loci.

describe 10 importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the context of quality assurance.

1, List one vitamin or mineral that was provided MOSTLY or ONLY by animal-based foods. What was the TOP FOOD SOURCE of that vitamin/mineral.

2, List one vitamin or mineral that was provided MOSTLY or ONLY by plant-based foods. What was the TOP FOOD SOURCE of that vitamin/mineral.

3, Based on your analysis of the nutrients provided by your foods, list one food that was exceptionally nutrient dense (review Chapter 2 if unsure what this means)? Explain and support your answer by showing specific data.

4, Do you think it’s realistic to get 100% RDA for each and every nutrient, every day, with food alone? Explain and expand. How COULD you get complete nutrition from food alone? Does variety matter (why or why not)?

List and explain the functions of three different enzymes that participate in DNA replication.

How does DNA polymerase work to proofread a DNA strand?

Determine which of these four peptides is most likely to become a beta sheet.

Met-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ser-Ala-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Ser-Glu

Ala-Glu-Met-Leu-Gln-Lys-Arg-Gly-Cys-Gly-Asp-Glu

Lys-Thr-Val-Ile-Trp-Pro-Phe-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ile-Gly

Arg-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Gly-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ile-Ala-Glu-Ser

I would like help with the question but also I would like to know what makes a peptide more likely to form a beta sheet over and alpha helix and vice versa.

Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment. Include their hypotheses, experimental design, results, and conclusions.

(12 pts) Imagine that you are part of an international medical team. You are investigating a strange virus that has broken out in the US. You have samples of the virus from January when it was first detected and samples taken from patients in May. The virus uses a specific protein to attach to a receptor on lung cells and infect the people. You notice the that the attachment protein in the January samples has a different amino acid sequence than the attachment protein in the May samples. In the 20th position of the primary structure the January sample has serine. In the May sample serine has been replaced by alanine. Early in the outbreak doctors were giving a medicine to people that seemed to decrease the duration of the disease. The same medicine is not working in May. The medicine blocks the attachment protein so it cannot adhere to the lung cell.

1. (2pts) Propose a logical, hypothesis, supported by the evidence provided that states this virus will mutate if exposed to the medicine. Use a major biological theory to help explain you hypothesis. Is this an example of inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain

2. (4pts) Describe a controlled experiment to test your hypothesis. You must Include the number of subjects, and the type of statistic you would use to compare the groups as well as:

   i. Control and experimental variable.
   ii. Independent and dependent variable

3. If the p value for a t-test between the control and experimental group = 0.03 what would you conclude about the experiment. Explain.

4. (2pts) How could exposure to a medicine create a resistant virus? Use a specific theory to support your ideas and describe a step by step process that could result in a resistant virus.

5. (2pts) Provide a logical, chemistry based explanation, the describes potential changes at the molecular level, for why the substitution of alanine for serine in the viral attachment protein could change the effectiveness of the medicine.

6. (2 pts) Which level/s of protein structure does the substitution of alanine for serine affect? Explain

Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disease, people with the disease have a ss genotype and people without the disease have a SS genotype. People who have the disease get very ill, but people who have only one copy of the recessive gene are actually protected from getting malaria (Ss heterozygote genotype). Which area of the world is the frequency of sickle cell anemia the highest? Why do you think this is true (related to heterozygote advantage)?

We talked about the disease hemophilia in reference to Sally. Based on what we know from the transmission pattern of the disease hemophilia (sex-linked recessive), why do you think it affects males more often than females?

Why is ATP/ADP recycling essential for biological processes in organisms? Show how ADP is converted into ATP within the cells. (Note: Graduate level Biochemistry Course, so please explain using the laws of spontaneity and advanced explanation)

A parental mystery: Mr. and Mrs. Smith have just arrived home with their new baby. As soon as they walk in the door, they get a call from the hospital maternity ward. The nurse who discharged the Smiths is calling to say he is now worried that she sent the wrong baby home with them. They return to the hospital for a battery of blood tests to clear up the confusion. The results are found in the table below:

Help them interpret the results of the blood test. Could baby Emma be their daughter? Why or why not?

Both the blood-type systems are examples of codominance, and sickle-cell anemia (hemoglobin type) is an example of an autosomal recessive trait that also exhibits codominance. Help them interpret the results of the blood test. Could baby Emma be their daughter? Why or why not?

Describe the timeline when the ova completes:

Prophase II

Prophase I

Anaphase I

Metaphase II

Entire Meiosis process

A) David, an undergraduate research assistant in our lab, performed Western Blotting experiment and he used anti- Z protein polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit as a primary antibody. As a secondary antibody, he used anti-mouse HRP labeled antibody. Could you please tell him what is wrong with this experiment?

B) David, an undergraduate intern in our lab, forget to block the blot with BSA and continue to the antibody hybridization steps and finally developed his blot. Could you please describe his blot picture without even looking!

Part 1 - Mendelian Genetics Review

Match the example with the type of inheritance.

A) Complete dominance B) Incomplete dominance C) Codominance

_______Pea shape in garden pea plants: The W gene encodes for an enzyme that synthesizes starch granules in peas. The w gene encodes for a dysfunctional enzyme that will not synthesize the starch granules. The presence of starch granules makes the seeds round, and the absence of the starch granules results in wrinkled seeds. Heterozygotes have only half as many starch granules, yet that is enough to make the seeds round.

_______Piebald (white) spotting in cats: Cats homozygous for the s allele do not have any white spots. Cats with the S allele are completely white. Cats that are heterozygous (Ss) are about 50% white.

________ Sickle-cell anemia in humans: Heterozygotes have one copy of the wild-type hemoglobin and one copy of the mutant hemoglobin. Phenotypically, heterozygotes have about half the number of sickled red blood cells as
homozygotes do.

When you see a wolf in the forest, you will feel afraid and run away. What are 5 examples of neuronal processing and explain what is the role in the detection of the stimuli and the outcomes (also mention the brain region that involves. Explain how the stimuli processed until the outcomes.