Topic : The mechanism of DNA repair (write a review on it more than 3000 words)

1. The final concentration of dNTPs in a PCR should be 1 mM. You currently have each nucleotide as separate 10 mM stocks. How would you made up 400 µl of a dNTP mix?
2. You are given a 8 mM solution of a protein (MW 27,000 g/mol). Using this information fill in the blanks below to fit the units given.

1. ____________________μmole/ml
2. ___________________ g/L
3. ___________________ mg/ml

3. You order a 19-mer oligonucleotide for a PCR reaction. The molecular weight is 5858.9 and the amount you receive is 36.7µg. You need to make up a 5µM solution. What volume of water do you dissolve your oligo in?
4. You lypholize 1ml of a 20nM solution of a 50kDa protein dissolved in water. What is the expected weight of the dried protein?
5. If the average molecular mass of an amino acid is 110Da, what would the estimated molecular weight of a 33-mer peptide be? (in kDa)

The melting temperature for phospholipid membranes is strongly impacted by fatty acid composition and cholesterol contain. You have 3 different membranes. Membrane 1 is formed by phosphoglycerides with 2 chains of behenate

membrane 2 is formed by phosphoglycerides with 2 chains of stearate and membrane 3 is formed by phosphoglycerided with 2 chains of myristate. The structural properties of fatty acids are summarized in Table below. Which membrane (1, 2 or 3) has the lowest melting temperature and which membrane has the highest melting temperature. Explain your reasoning.

1.Describe the followings:
A. The 2 types of immunosuppression?
B. which part of the immune system is responsible for rejection in organ transplant?
C. why does tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation?
2. MHC System
2.1 What is MHC polymorphism?
2.2 Why is it so important?
2.3 Why MHC is called HLA?
2.4 What are the function of MHC I and MHC II?
3. How to B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?

The interactions between pathogens and their mammalian hosts are played out on co-evolutionary battlegrounds. Discuss this statement by explaining:
a) Why humans are constantly susceptible to infection despite the evolution of complex innate and adaptive immune responses and,
b) How pathogens, and the molecules they produce, interact with macrophages to cause disease and can sometimes be exploited for therapeutic benefit.

You are studying myosin V, a class of myosin which can be used in cells to transport vesicles by “walking” along actin filaments, towards the plus ends of these filaments. You have identified a mutation in the gene for myosin V that affects its ATP binding site. This mutant myosin V (M) can still perform the entire cross-bridge cycle, but it takes much longer to hydrolyze ATP compared to a wild type myosin V (W).

a) Would the duration of the cross-bridge cycle be longer in M or W?Explain?

b) Would the duty cycle (the proportion of the cross-bridge cycle in which myosin is bound to actin) be longer in M or W?Explain?

c) How would this difference in duty cycle affect the ability of M to transport a vesicle along an actin filament? Explain.

In comparing Drosophila and human genomes, which of the following statements is correct?

A The amount to total DNA in genome is similar.

B The number of identified protein motifs is similar.

C The average size of introns is similar.

DThe amount of non-coding DNA is similar.

E The number of introns per gene is similar.

What structural features of DNA makes semi-discontinuous replication necessary?

Cultured liver hepatocytes are convenient for studying both exocytosis and receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis. As part of an advanced laboratory in cell biology, students are required to perform mutation studies on cultured liver hepatocytes to generate data that supports the proposed mechanism of receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Liver hepatocytes are cultured, mutagenized, and screened for defective receptor-mediated endocytosis. In order to distinguish unique mutants from one another, the students must design a series of experiments to distinguish between mutants that have the following mutations:

a). Cellular adaptor proteins are mutated to be non-functional

b). Clathrin is mutated to be non-functional

c). Dynamin is mutated to be non-functional

11. How does a lack of insulin prevent the cell from using glucose? 12. Why is it important that specific tissues respond to insulin in different ways? 13. Hypothesize a mechanism to explain how tissues respond to insulin in different ways, even tissues that have the same amount of the receptor.

Your dental practice is due to modernise its prosthetic work. Discuss the
role of digital advances in the work flow of complete denture
construction.

Discuss the surgical factors influencing dental implant treatment
outcomes including the approaches to reduce the risks of complications
and failures.

Answer in no more than 500 words.
Chordates are characterized by having a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a notochord, and a tail. Some years ago, researchers discovered that in Tunicates, a single mutation in one gene caused the nerve chord, the notochord, and the tail to all disappear. A writer for Science magazine concluded from this that all three definitive chordate traits must have evolved at the same time, with the appearance of this gene. Explain the flaw in this reasoning.

Why is descent with modification not sufficient to explain the variation in life forms (bacteria, whales, crabs, insects, etc.) we see today?

Describe the structure of IgG in detail by referring to the different levels of protein structure