9. Which G protein signaling pathway elevates calcium? A. What is the pathway for elevation of...

9. Which G protein signaling pathway elevates calcium?

A. What is the pathway for elevation of calcium?

B. What is Calmodulin. How is it relevant to calcium elevation?

C. What is myosin light chain kinase?

(1)What does it do?

(2) How is it activated?

(3) What is its effect on smooth muscle?

Expert Solution

9. The PIP2 is the pathway that helps in the elevation of the calcium ion in the cytoplasm of the cell. This pathway is under the responsibility of the G-protein and the tyrosine kinase receptors.

A. The pathway for the elevation of the calcium ion starts with the binding of the ligand to the receptor for the induction of the PIP2 molecule to attached with the phospholipase c that leads the formation of the DAG and IP3 which can directly attach to the endoplasmic reticulum IP3 gated calcium ion channel where after the attachment of the IP3 the release of the ions takes place in the cytoplasm to raise the amount of calcium in it.

B. Calmodulin is the calcium-binding protein which helps in the attachment with the calcium and convert into the active form from the inactive state. It further helps in the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) that aids in the phosphorylation of the further downstream protein cascades which helps int the cellular response.

C.

1. The myosin light chain kinase is the serin threonine-specific phosphorylation enzyme which helps in the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain.

2. After the influx of the calcium ions in the cytoplasm, it binds to the calmodulin protein which in turn plays in the role of activation of the pp60 SRC molecule and subsequently activation of the MYLCK by the conformational changes.

3. This enzyme helps in the cross-linking of the myosin and the actin filament that will lead to the muscle contraction. Similarly as the smooth muscle does not have the troponin protein it as the striated muscles, MYLCK plays a role a contraction of smooth muscles.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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