Lake Tanganyika harbors a high diversity of Cichlid fish. A study constructed phylogenies of Cichlids based on 38 retroposon insertion sites. 24 of these yielded the same phylogeny, but 14 supported a variety of different phylogenies. From this the researchers concluded that there must have been rapid speciation going on in the lake. Explain this reasoning. Why is it significant that the traits being used were retroposon insertion sites? In your answer, explain the difference between a gene tree and a species tree.

27. Which three of the researchers listed below received the Nobel Prize for discoveries related
double helix DNA structures:
a. Francis Crick, James Watson and Rosalind Franklin
b. James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins
c. Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and Francis Crick
d. James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins

28. Each nucleotide of a DNA molecule consists of:
a. Phosphate groups, pentose sugar and heterocyclic nitrogen bases
b. Phosphate groups, hexose sugars and heterocyclic nitrogen bases
c. Phosphate groups, pentose sugar and oxygen bases
d. Phosphate groups and hexose sugars
e. Hexose sugar and heterocyclic nitrogen base

29. The strand complementary to the DNA strand 5'-TACGATCATAT-3 'is as follows:
a. 3'-TACGATCATAT-5 '
b. 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5 '
c. AUGCUAGUAUA 3'-5 '
d. 3'-GCATATACGCG-5 '
e. 3'-TATACTAGCAT-5 '

26. The significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is as follows:
a. Prokaryotic DNA floats freely in the cell, while eukaryotic DNA is located in
cell nuclei
b. Prokaryotes do not have DNA, as genetic material, while eukaryotes have
c. Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes, while eukaryotes do
d. Prokaryotic cells are not membrane-bound, whereas eukaryotic ones are
e. The correct answers are a, b and c

21. The technique used by Rosalind Franklin in detecting the structure of a DNA molecule is as follows:
a. Spectroscopy
b. X-ray crystallography
c. Spinning
d. NMR technique
e. Electrophoresis

22. A point mutation that replaces the codon of a specific AK with a stop codon is called:
a. Wrong mutation
b. Meaningless mutation
c. Silent mutation
d. Mutation of reading frame change
e. None of the above

23. Frameshift mutation is:
a. Replacing one AK with another
b. Insertion of a single nucleotide into the chain
c. Removal of multiple nucleotides from the chain
d. Binding of two different proteins
e. The correct b and c is the answer

24. Depurination:
a. A very rare mutation
b. Removal of thymine base from the chain
c. Removal of adenine base from the chain
d. Removing the uracil base from the chain
e. All answers are correct

25. The significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is as follows:
a. Prokaryotes do not have DNA, as genetic material, while eukaryotes have
b. Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes, while eukaryotes have
c. Prokaryotic cells are not membrane-bound, whereas eukaryotic ones are
d. Eukaryotic DNA floats freely in the cell, while prokaryotic DNA is located in the cell nucleus
e. Nothing is true

20. Why are histones a highly conserved protein?

a. Because they are closely related to the regulation of replication
b. Because they are necessary for replication
c. Because they play an important role in the packaging of DNA in the nucleus
d. Therefore, they are required for the transfer of plasmids from one cell to another
e. The correct answers are a, b and c

Describe/explain the endosymbiont theory for the evolution of mitochondria & plastids in Eukaryotic cells .

-Who was involved (Who engulfed who??)

-What organelles were formed and how

-What were the advantages

-What are the five (5) pieces of evidence that support this theory

what is the difference of enzyme from body and enzyme which had been created or they are just the same thing?

You decide to use RT-PCR to confirm your predictions about the exon organization of the 2 mRNAs in tissue such as heart and epidermis. Describe in general the experiment you would do, specifying where your PCR primers would be designed to bind. What results would you expect. Please be specific

Part A What biological and psychological factors cause people to abuse opioids? Please incorporate information on the endogenous opioid receptors in your discussion of biological factors. Part B Read the article below on vaccines for opioid addiction. What are your reactions after reading the article? Are you in favor of promiting vaccines for opioid addiction? Support your decision with facts from the article and other scholarly sources.

Harper, J. (2017). Drugmaker behind Vivitrol to cash in on opioid epidemic, one state law at a time. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/06/12/523774660/a-drugmaker-tries-to-cash-in-on-the-opioid-epidemic-one-state-law-at-a-time

what is an exome ? why can exome sequencing be more informative than genome sequencing for investigating the genetic basis of trait?

By gel electrophoresis, how do you know if your protein binded to the column? How would you modify the purification next time to make it more efficient?

describe a typical unreplicated human chromosome from tip to tip

Calculate the amount of reagent and water required to make the following solutions. Do not assume you have a stock solution unless instructed to do so.

a) 1.00 L of 20.00mM Tris-HCl, 50.0mM NaCl, 20.00mM MgSO₄ x 7H₂O, 5.00mM CaCl₂

b) 275 mL of 25% Na₂HCO₃, 18.0% EtOH

c) 750.0mL of 0.2M sodium citrate, 10.00mM SDS (from 0.50M stock), 2.5% glycerol

d) Calculate molarity of 15% NaCl and 27% hydrochloric acid

Based on what you know about anole morphology and the process of adaptation via natural selection, do you think it is possible for a generalist anole to be as adept as each of the specialist anole ecomorphs at living (for example: climbing, running, hunting, etc.) in the different island habitats? In other words, do you think it is possible for a single anole species to be as good at living on twigs as the twig ecomorph anoles, and as good at living on trunks as the trunk ecomorph anoles, and as good at living on the tops of trees as the trunk-crown ecomorph anoles, etc.?

List the three variations of carbon-fixation reactions (C3, C4, and CAM) and write their basic characteristics (locations or times of C4 and C3 pathway in each) with one or two examples for each.

What sets the limits on the stimuli that an animal can sense? What limits the movements an organism makes? How do sensory and motor systems compare across different types of animals?

1. Draw a 4 AA residue generic polypeptide with R groups (R, no specific AA required) - label clearly.

a. the peptide bond

b. one pair of H bond donor and H bond acceptor

c. outline one amide plane

d. label phi and psi for one junction

e. using your drawing, explain why peptide bonds are nearly always trans

g. label the amino terminus and carboxy terminus

2. What information does the Ramachandran plot provide and what are its implications for protein folding?