1. Describe the function of antibodies, utilize the following terms: epitope, paratope

Describe one of the most recent disease outbreaks, and the role of epidemiologists (descriptive and/or analytical) in addressing it. What questions would you ask an epidemiologist, if you had the chance to interview one?

9. Which G protein signaling pathway elevates calcium?

A. What is the pathway for elevation of calcium?

B. What is Calmodulin. How is it relevant to calcium elevation?

C. What is myosin light chain kinase?

(1)What does it do?

(2) How is it activated?

(3) What is its effect on smooth muscle?

a. What are the steps/characteristics of lysosome centered protein degradation? Discuss any specificities and give an example of at least one protein which is cleared via the lysosomal degradation.

  

b. What are the steps in the proteasome centered protein degradation via ubiquitination? Include the labeling with ubiquitin and the steps in proteasome and post proteasome processing. Discuss any specificities and give an example of at least one protein which is degraded via ubiquitination and the proteasome.

  

iv) Protein degradation may also be a way of regulating enzyme activities. What is an example of regulation of a key enzyme of a pathway where a product or effector regulates enzyme activity by increasing or decreasing the rate of degradation of the enzyme protein?

Early mammalian development occurs in the uterus. What kind of selective pressures might operate in uterus?

For each of the following amino acids, draw the form that is expected to predominate at physiological pH: (a) l-Isoleucine (b) l-Tryptophan (c) l-Glutamine (d) l-Glutamic acid

What is an amino acid? How many amino acids are there? 

For example, a vegetable market in Muscat disposes 150 kg of rotten vegetables daily basis. Write a project proposal to use this disposed rotten vegetables to meet electrical loads by producing methane with neat sketches

A dihybrid cross is done on pea plants with the character colour (P vs. p) and pollen shape (round L vs long l). The resulting F2 generation has the phenotypic ratios; 6:2:2:6 for PL:Pl:pL:pl. Explain this finding.

Working with neurons in the lab, you noticed that a batch of isolated neurons from Science Express is not working appropriately. Your research advisor asks you to sort it out. Doing several experiments you noticed that most neurons either failed to start or failed to get back to the resting phase (state). You suspect that the special batch of neurons might carry a mutation and was mistakenly sent by this company. What kind of mutation do you suspect these neurons carry? Include in your discussion how to process would work for wild type neurons.

1. There was major period of angiosperm diversification and radiation between 110 and 90
million years ago. For many years the dominant view was that this reflected coevolution
with insects, which were also thought to have diversified during this period. This view is
now thought to be overly simplistic. Briefly outline evidence for and against this view,
and give an account of the various other processes that may have been involved.

2. "Water in the xylem is under negative pressure, or tension". Explain what this
statement means, how this physical situation comes about, what the risks are for plants
because of it, and describe some adaptations that help minimize these risks or cope with
the consequences.

1. What are the four key environmental limitations to plant growth, considered at global-
scale?
2. What are the major environmental factors that influence decomposition rates in
ecosystems?
3. Stomata are first seen in plant fossils from about 420 million year ago (Mya). List one
advantage and one disadvantage of stomata.
4. Cuticles are first seen in plant fossils from about 450 million year ago (Mya). List one
advantage and one disadvantage of cuticles.
5. An important evolutionary advance seen in angiosperms is that vascular tissue is largely
made up of vessels rather than tracheids. Describe one key advantage and one key
disadvantage of vessels over tracheids.
6. Give two reasons why bryophytes are generally constrained to wet habitats.
7. The most central and abundant enzyme in photosynthesis is
dominant pigment is_______.
while the
8. At what time of day does dark respiration happen?
9. C4 photosynthesis relies on several enzymes, most especially the initial fixation step
which is catalysed by the enzyme called______________ .
10. Name 4 of the largest (most speciose) plant families in Australia.
11. Name one characteristic plant genus in each of these Australian vegetation types:
a. Chenopod shrubland
b. Mallee woodland
c. Mulga woodland
d. Savanna
12. What functional roles do root hairs and mycorrhizas have in common?

1. Carbohydrates, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, heat and light are all participants in the
processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Write an equation to show the substrates
and products of each process.

2. Photorespiration occurs in illuminated green leaves. Describe photorespiration in broad
terms, why it only happens in the light, and what cost it imposes on C3 plants.

3.Rising atmospheric CO2 levels are predicted to favour particular photosynthetic types
(recall C3, C4 & CAM photosynthesis) relative to others. Plants of which type are likely to
benefit from rising CO2 levels, and why?

4.Define the concept of plant ecological strategy

5. What do the C, S and R stand for in Grimes triangular C-S-R ecological strategy scheme?
What traits might characterise a species in the "S" corner of the scheme?

6. List three key ecological advantages of seeds.

Which cell cycle phase would NOT progress if a lack of nutrients prevented cell growth?

a.Cytokinesis

b. S phase

c. Metaphase

d.G2 phase