The sports saga with MRSA continues. A recent article in the NY Times about college sports described “To prevent teammates from sharing towels to wipe their faces or arms on the sideline, trainers have sometimes employed a small army of interns who scoop up any used towel so it can quickly be placed in the laundry. Jim Thornton, the athletic trainer at Clarion University in Pennsylvania, said his teams had begun using chemically treated towelettes that are about half the size of a standard towel and are discarded after each use. The expense may be worthwhile. One study of high school football players concluded that sharing a towel makes the chance of a MRSA infection eight times more likely.” https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/sports/the-never-ending-battle-against-sports-hidden-foe.html

They are talking about community acquired MRSA, which is the same as subtype USA300. What genes made this MRSA able to be transmitted via towels and why? Would you expect nonMRSA S. aureus to be equally transmitted? Why or why not?

1-Give any two differences between archaea plasma membrane VS the bacterial and eukaryotic membrane.

2-What is difference between the L wall of gram-positive and negative bacteria?

3-Name any 2 structures that are outside the prokaryotic cell wall?

4- what is the difference between amphitrichous and peritrichous flagellar arrangement?

5- what are the general function of a cell wall in a eukaryotic cell?

At the end of the semester we discussed DNA damage and repair systems. Then we read some papers on gene editing tools because these tools depend on DNA repair mechanisms in the cell to complete the editing process. For one of the three major editing tools, ZNFs (Zinc finger nucleases), TALENS (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) or CRISPR Cas9 answer the following:
     i. What are the components of the gene editing system? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

    ii. What are the in vivo or normal functions components of the gene editing system? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

    iii. What are the steps in use of the gene editing system to introduce a double stranded DNA break in the target DNA? If you include figures to help you answer this question be sure to insert in this section with your typed answer. (3 pts)
           (type answer and insert figure here)

     iv. What are the steps in the cell’s repair system(s) and how does this participate with these gene editing systems, leading to the edited DNA? If you include a figure to help you answer this question be sure to insert in this section with your typed answer. (3 pts)
           (type answer and insert figure here)

     v. How are the components of the gene editing system introduced to or inserted into cells? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

     vi. Give a specific example of use of this gene editing system in attempt to correct the error(s) of an inborn error of metabolism. Describe how this was used to edit DNA to alleviate a defect and identify whether this was an in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo application and if successful (2 pts).   
       (type answer here)

References used to answer the parts of this question

Answer the following about metabolic syndrome in as much detail as you can recall (10 pts)
         i. What is metabolic syndrome and what are the causes or the conditions that cause and/or associated with metabolic syndrome? (3 pts)
             (type answer here)

         ii. What are the metabolic/biochemical characteristics of metabolic syndrome? (remember this is a biochemistry class and pathway and signaling and specific reaction discussions should be included with this answer – what pathways are affected and what is happening to them? ) (4 pts)
            (type answer here)

          iii. What factors have been shown to help alleviate the effects of metabolic syndrome and their effects on metabolism? Explain why these factors or changes have had these effects on metabolic syndrome

Briefly assess the relationships between Biological and Artificial Neural Network

Compare and contrast the activities of AMP-activated protein kinase and cAMP dependent protein kinase. To answer this question, address each of the points given here, labeling each point with what you are addressing.

Describe the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes (2 pts)

[type answer here]

What are the allosteric activators and inhibitors of these enzymes. Explain why do these allosteric regulators make sense?   (3 pts)
[type answer here]

What are the hormones that lead to stimulation and inhibition of these enzymes and relate to the overall functions of these hormones in the body.   (Remember the assigned reading including text and papers).
(3 pts)
[answer here]

What are the biochemical targets and effects of these two enzymes in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose? Include detail including overall functions and the metabolic pathways affected. Details required.
(3 pts)
[answer here]

What are the general functions of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). (2 pts)
[answer here]

You needed to find reference sources outside of the notes and text to answer these questions completely. Include your references. References should be cited in a manner that the instructor would be able to access and read them online. So you want to give the reference and the best if the online pdf link of the paper is included along with the citation.

when some monosaccharaides are in solution: what structural modification occurs?

considering the structural modification above, what type of isomerisation can occur?

Classify microorganisms based on their nutrient requirements

What are the step to do electrophorese 2D in order to purify the protein after cloning ?

You have been appointed as the new planning officer at a district assembly. The DCE has asked you to produce a five page report(reference if possible) outlining the environmental services that would be required in a small town with population of 6000 for the next 10 years.
1. List and explain at least 6 environmental services (or infrastructure) that you would recommend for the settlement
a. Just the environmental implications or contribution of each of these services that you have outlined to the overall development of that small town
b. Explain the methods you are likely to use to arrive at the projected population and how you will carry out your needs assessment

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug commonly used to treat viral infections such as hepatitis C and the highly lethal Hantavirus, Ebola, and Marburg infections. During the SARS outbreak in 2003, it was also tested in SARS-CoV patients. Ribavirin is a nucleoside inhibitor, or more specifically a ribosyl purine analog. Based on the biochemical principle of the drug alone, would you think ribavirin would be useful to treat dengue and herpesvirus infections?

What would be the metabolic effects of liver failure? Describe in detail. Discuss the pathways which will be affected and the effects on other organs of the body. Remember the many functions of the liver. (15)

Identify the many functions and pathways in the liver which will now be deficient. Both central metabolism and those of consequence to other tissues (5 pts).

(type answer here)

Identify materials/chemicals used by other organs/tissues which would be deficient, effects on the pathways of these other tissues and accumulation of toxins in the other tissues as a result of the liver biochemistry failure (5 pts).

(type answer here)

Overall effects on the other organs and tissues of the body (not the liver). Explain what liver failure will do to the body, what tissues most affected and pathways most affected. Answer in light of the big picture and reactions and pathways in other tissues/organs outside of the liver.  

A) Imagine that you found a white colony on a LB plate (containing Ampicillin, X-gal, and arabinose) that did not fluoresce green E. coli. Propose a hypothesis for how this could have occured.

B) How could you test your hypothesis using techniques and equipment in a lab.