______   1.) A Membrane is a boundary that ________ to move across it:

1. Allows all substances
2. Does not selectively control which substances
3. Prevents all substances
4. Selectively controls which substances

______   2.) Membrane foundation is formed by the:

1. Chromosomes
2. Enzymes
3. Phospholipids (lipid bilayer)
4. Proteins

______   3.) Lipid bilayer Does permit water soluble substances to pass through it into the cell:

1. False                                             b.) True

______   4.) Fluid Mosaic Model describes the organization of:

1. Cellular membranes
2. Cellular membrane lipids only
3. Cellular membrane proteins only
4. Chromosomes and DNA

______   5.) ________ serve as control points for substances entering or leaving the cell:

1. Carbohydrates                                  c.) Nucleic acids
2. Lipids                                                d.) Proteins

______   6.) Phospholipids in a membrane can _______ but cannot ________.

1. Move back and worth; sideways
2. Flip-flop; move laterally
3. Move laterally; flip-flop
4. Sideways; move laterally

______   7.) Membrane protein that spans both sides of the membrane – provides a passage way:

1. Enzymatic
2. Glycoprotein
3. Integral protein
4. Peripheral

______   8.) Receptor Proteins

1. Attachment of cells to one another or extracellular matrix
2. Binding of signal molecules such as hormones
3. Identifier of cell types ( individual or species)
4. Glycoproteins and glycolipids play a role in identification

______   9.) An example of a cell surface marker is a:

1. Carbohydrate
2. Glycoprotein
3. Lipid
4. Phospholipid

______ 10.) Active Transport Proteins:

1. Channel between cells for rapid movement (heart)
2. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
3. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration
4. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration

______ 11.) Passive Transport Proteins:

1. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
2. Energy (ATP) is needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration
3. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from high to low concentration
4. Energy (ATP) is not needed; molecules transported from low to high concentration

______ 12.) Diffusion is:

1. Movement of like molecules down a concentration gradient (high to low)
2. Movement of like molecules up a concentration gradient (low to high)
3. Movement of molecules requiring energy (ATP)
4. Movement of molecules requiring energy (GTP)

______ 13.) Osmosis is:

1. Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
2. Diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane requiring energy (ATP)
3. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
4. Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane requiring energy (ATP)

______ 14.) Hypertonic Solution outside the red blood cell as described in lecture:

1. Solutes move into the cell causing it to swell (and possibly burst)
2. Water moves into the cell causing it to swell (and possibly burst)
3. Solutes moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (crenate)
4. Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink (crenate)

______ 15.) Passive Transport is important to the cell as it allows the cell to take up additional molecules of a substance at concentrations higher than the extracellular environment:

1. True
2. False

______ 16.) Endocytosis – large molecules must:

1. Enter the cell by use of a vesicle                c.) Enter the cell by use of an integral protein
2. Exit the cell by use of a vesicle                   d.) Exit the cell by use of an integral protein

______ 17.) Anabolic Pathways:

1. Consume energy to build complex molecules from smaller ones
2. No energy is involved in this reaction
3. Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones
4. Use of heat to run biological reactions

______ 18.) Energy is:

1. Capacity to do work (capacity to cause change)
2. Capacity to do no work (capacity to cause no change)
3. Use of heat to run biological reactions

______ 19.) Kinetic Energy is:

1. Energy of motion
2. Heat
3. Light used to run Photosynthesis
4. Stored Energy

______ 20.) Cat sleeping on his(her) cat pole is an example of:

1. Kinetic energy
2. Light energy
3. Nuclear energy
4. Potential energy           

______ 21.) Which is Not part of the1^st Law of Thermodynamics states:

1. Energy can be transferred from one form to another
2. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
3. Energy of the universe stays constant (same)
4. Energy increases spontaneously

______ 22.) 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics states:

1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another
2. Energy increases spontaneously
3. Matter cannot be created or destroyed only converted from one form to another
4. Matter increases spontaneously

______ 23.) Exergonic reaction:

1. Energy in
2. Energy out
3. No energy is needed for the reaction to occur
4. Only heat is needed for the reaction to occur

______ 24.) The energy carrier of the cell is:

1. ATP
2. ADP + P
3. Glucose
4. Pyruvate

______ 25.) Reactant or Substrate is the substance that:

1. Enters the metabolic reaction or pathway
2. An intermediate in the metabolic reaction or pathway
3. Is left at the end of the reaction or pathway
4. Type of enzyme

______ 26.) Enzyme is:

1. Catalyst                                            c.) Polysaccharide
2. Decreases the reaction rate           d.) All of the above

______ 27.) Activation energy:

1. Maximum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
2. Minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
3. No energy is required

______ 28.) An Enzyme works by ________ the Activation Energy:

1. Decreasing
2. Increasing
3. Not affecting

______ 29.) Active site is where the ________ binds:

1. Allosteric regulator
2. Enzyme
3. Product
4. Substrate (reactant)

______ 30.) Extremely high temperature (boiling) results in a protein being:

1. Activated
2. Denatured
3. Not affected

______ 31.) Allosteric control – molecule that attaches to the enzyme:

1. Binds to the active site
2. Binds to another site other than the active site changing enzyme activity
3. Does not need to bind to the enzyme to change activity

______ 32.) In Feedback Inhibition, (the) ________ binds to the allosteric site:

1. All molecules involved in the reaction
2. Enzyme
3. Product
4. Substrate (reactant)

______ 33.) Life on Earth as we know it would not be possible without the oxygen produced by:

1. Anaerobic respiration
2. Fermentation
3. Photosynthesis
4. Respiration

______ 34.) ____________ Photosynthesis does not produce oxygen:

1. Anerobic
2. Anoxygenic
3. Fermentation
4. Oxygenic

______ 35.) Photoautotrophs:

1. Obtain their organic nutrients from decomposers
2. Obtain their organic nutrients from other organisms
3. Use the energy of iron and other inorganic molecules to produce organic molecules
4. Use the energy of sunlight to produce organic molecules

______ 36.) Heterotrophs:

1. Consumers and require an outside source of food
2. Consumers and do not require an outside source of food
3. Self- feeders that cannot make their own food
4. Self-feeders that make their own food

______ 37.) Photosynthesis takes place in the:

1. Chloroplast
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosome
4. Peroxisome

______ 38.) Photosynthesis occurs in 3 Steps; which is NOT one of the steps:

1. Capturing light from sunlight
2. Using this energy to make ATP and NADPH; releases oxygen
3. Using this energy to breakdown glucose to carbon dioxide
4. Production of sugars (glucose; organic molecules)

______ 39.) Pigments:

1. Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
2. Absorb light energy for respiration
3. Use ATP from the breakdown of glucose for photosynthesis
4. Use ATP from the breakdown of glucose for respiration

______ 40.) Major photosynthetic pigment(s) found in all organisms:

1. Anthocyanins                         c.) Chlorophyll a
2. Carotenoids                           d.) Chlorophyll b

______ 41.) Accessory pigments:

1. Broadens, compliments or adds the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for photosynthesis
2. Broadens, compliments or adds the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for respiration
3. Decrease the spectrum of light that can be absorbed for photosynthesis or respiration
4. Function independently of the chlorophyll pigments

______ 42.) Which are the products of photosynthesis?

1. Carbon dioxide and water
2. Glucose (sugar) and carbon dioxide
3. Glucose (sugar) and oxygen

______ 43.) Light Dependent Reaction occurs in:

1. Cytoplasm
2. Mitochondria inner membrane
3. Stroma
4. Thylakoid (Grana)

­­­­­­­­

______ 44.) Product(s) of the Light Dependent or Light Reaction are:

1. ATP
2. NADPH
3. Oxygen
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

______ 45.) ATP’s produced in the Light Dependent or Light Reaction are:

1. Directly from sunlight
2. Electron transport chain on the thylakoid membrane
3. Enzymatic transfer of P (phosphate) from glucose
4. Substrate level phosphorylation

______ 46.) Calvin-Benson Cycle occurs in:

1. Cytoplasm
2. Mitochondria inner compartment
3. Stroma
4. Thylakoid

______ 47.) Product(s) of the Calvin-Benson Cycle:

1. ATP
2. Glucose
3. Oxygen
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

______ 48.) Main Photosynthetic Enzyme is:

1. Glycolate oxidase
2. PEP carboxylase
3. Phosphofructokinase
4. RuBISCO

______ 49.) Photorespiration is beneficial to the plant allowing it to be more efficient:

1. True                                           
2. False

______ 50.) Photorespiration occurs mainly in:

1. All plants
2. C3 plants                                    
3. C4 plants                        
4. CAM plants

Food security is a complex phenomenon that exhibits itself in numerous conditions resulting from multiple causes.’ Discuss

How many structures can you find to use as a starting dataset if you wanted to study how proteins interact with DNA. Assume that you will require only high resolution structures for the study (at least 2.5 Angstroms resolution). For the study, you plan to use structures that were only solved by X-ray crystallography. (Select the closest number if the exact number is not available) *

between 1000-1500

between 2700 - 4000

172

371

between 450 - 950

What is the UniProtKB? *

The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is the central hub for the collection of functional information on proteins, with accurate, consistent and rich annotation.

The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) is the universal protein information center.

The UniProtKB is a database of unique protein sequences.

The UniProtKB is a database of conserved protein sequences.

The UniProtKB is a database of protein 3D structures using the Cartesian coordinate format.

Retrieve the database entry for the protein BPSL1549 from the GenBank database. What organism is the protein from? *

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Vibrio cholera

Burkholderia mallei

E. coli

Search the GenBank database for the database entry with the following accession number: MN908947. Select from the list below answers that are TRUE statements pertaining to that database entry. *

It is a nucleotide sequence composed of ~29,903 bp

The data is a genome sequence.

The data is the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2

The data entry is from the order Nidovirales.

The data entry is from the order Coronavirales

The genome sequence was reported by Wuhan et al in the journalNature, 579, published in 2020.

The genome was isolated from patients who had suffered severe breathing difficulties that in some cases were fatal.

The organism caused a bacterial pneumonia that presented as a severe and acute respiratory symptoms.

The sequence was deposited into the GenBank database on 18 May 2020 and is the newest version of the COVID-19 sequence available.

Using the INTERRNA database (mfrlab.org/interrna/); how many T-loop base motifs (patterns) can be found in the structure of the ribosomal RNA subunit with the PDB code 1ffk? *

6

1233

8

33

14

When one action potential is traveling along an unmyelinated axon from cell body side and another action potential is traveling along the axon from synaptic terminal side, these two action potentials are going to collide with each other at the center of the axon. What is going to happen to these action potentials after the collision?

1. which of the following volumes cannot be recorded using a spirometer?
a. RV
b. ERV
c. TLC
d. all of the above.

2. a client weighs 90kg. His tidal volume average
a. 160 ml
b. 200 ml
c. 150 ml
d. none of the above

3. The FRC is approximately
a. 2.3 liters
b. 500 ml
c. 6 liters
d. 12 liters

4. The residual volume is approximately
a. 2.3 liters
b. 500 ml
c. 6 liters
d. 1.2 liters.

List five (5) prokaryotic enzymes or proteins and their corresponding eukaryotic enzymes or proteins that carry out the same function during DNA replication. Provide the function for each of the enzymes.

Part A - Short Answer

If tryptophan (trp) codons containing two trp codons in its leader region were mutated to serine (ser) codons, then a high level of expression of the mutated operon would be visible ONLY if trp and ser were absent at the same time from the media. Explain why this occurs.

Part B - Multiple Choice

Circle the correct relationship between the trp operon and the repressor.

• The repressor acts in 'cis'.
• The repressor protein is responsible for the formation of the "termination" stem loop.
• Binding of the repressor protein leads to attenuation of the trp operon.
•   The presence of tryptophan results in increased expression of the tryptophan gene
• When bound to tryptophan, the repressor is able to bind the operator of the trp operon

Part C - Multiple Choice

Before transcription of the lac operon can commence, RNA polymerase must strongly bind to the promoter. Circle the correct statement as to why this occurs.

• lacI+ is mutated to lacI-
• a CAP-cAMP complex binds to the CAP site in the promoter in the absence of glucose.
• CAP binds to the CAP site in the promoter in the presence of glucose.
• catabolite repression occurs in the presence of glucose.
• catabolite repression occurs in the absence of glucose.

The biological oxidation of Fe2+ in mine drainage waters can result in red discoloration in steams from subsequent Fe3+ precipitation

(a) Name the type of organism responsible for this process

(b) Is this reaction spontaneous? Show calculations to justify your answer

(c) Write a balanced overall equation for biological of Fe2+, assuming fs(max) and the presence of ammonia

(d) How many grams of oxygen are required per gram of Fe2+ oxidized?

plz let me know the detailed procedure especially (c)

Describe the four-species symbiosis in leafcutter ants.

What are four mechanisms of vegetative reproduction, for example, tubers

What factors influence the virulence (harmfulness) of cholera?

1.How does mode of transmission shape virulence?

2. What species of fungus is being developed as a biopesticide against malarial mosquitos, and why might it be more effective than chemical insecticides?

Discuss in detail the structural features of transcription factors and how these features relate to function.