Explain the importance of immunological memory cells. Describe in detail how and when memory cells arise and explain how they form the basis for effective immunizations.

A 100-acre farmland contaminated by a massive diesel tanker spillage was subjected to the bioremediation using indigenous microbes in the soil as well as genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescents over a 14-year period.

a) Briefly discuss any three factors that would have affected the bioremediation of the soil.

b) What bioremediation approach was used to tackle the problem and why?

c) What conditions would favor the approach used in question 2b above?

d) Highlight what outcomes of the process would indicate a successful remediation.

Human population size underlies nearly every environmental problem that the planet faces. The environmental problems I am referring to are global warming, deforestation, water and air pollution to name a few. China is noteworthy in establishing limits on the number of children a couple can have as a way of limiting population growth in their nation. Should we consider similar measures in the United States given the growing numbers of people in our country and the idea that natural resources are limited?

. Describe how the brain has evolved across this spectrum of animals. (Shark, Mudpuppy,snake, bird, and pig)

Which of the following is a key control enzyme in the regulation of respiration?

a. Phosphofructokinase

b. Pyruvate Dehyrogenase

c. Citrate synthase

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

From vet tech:

The grid is used when x-raying body parts that are larger (thicker). Briefly describe why a grid is used in these circumstances.

You perform a cell free translation experiment like Nirenberg and Matthaei, but you forget to write down what nucleotides you added to make the mRNA. You precipitate the translated polypeptides and measure the relative amount of radiolabeled amino acids incorporated into them. You get 25% proline, 25% threonine, 12.5% glutamine, 12.5% lysine, 12.5% asparagine, and 12.5% histidine. What nucleotides and in what % did you add to make the mRNA? Please explain step by step.

Why is the answer 50% C and 50% A?

Explain the importance of biodiversity with respect to ecosystem stability, and include discussion of genetic diversity and species functional redundancy.  Explain the relationship between biodiversity and trophic cascades.

1. One could say that the Calvin cycle is a
   1. reducing cycle
   2. oxidizing cycle
   3. neutral cycle (no net oxidation or reduction)
   4. hydrating cycle (water is introduced)

2. Succinate is produced in the glyoxylate cycle by the action of the enzyme
   1. citrate synthase                       c. aconitase
   2. isocitrate lyase                        d. malate synthase

3. The fatty acid most commonly made by animal cells is    
   1. myristic                                             c. stearic
   2. lauric                                       d. palmitic

4. The number of enzymes used in the synthesis of fatty acids is
   1. 1                      b. 2                  c. 5                  d. 7

Humanity has made countless genetic changes to our food through practices such as grafting and selective breeding. What sets genetic modification using biotechnology apart from that practice? In your answer, offer your own summary (referencing the material from this course) on how genetic cloning is achieved.

Explain how cellular ATP is replenished by phosphagens (phosphoguanidines).

What are the cellular roles of nucleoside diphosphate kinase and adenylate kinase?

Why is a thioester bond a “high energy” bond?

What are the metabolic roles of NAD⁺ and FAD?

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway, in which glucose is broken down to generate ATP. Would this pathway occur when there is high energy charge in the cell? Why/why not?

1. Demonstrate the energy production from glucose, fatty acid and amino acids at the cellular level step by step in a scheme you have created yourself. Entering, exiting, taking part etc. in all steps. specify all components

You are performing a wound-healing assay in the laboratory.

a) What protein would you use to coat the cell culture dishes and why?

b) What effect on wound healing would you expect if you were examining cells that had a mutation in the talin binding domain of integrins?