What is the basis for “pin” and “thrum” flowers in SI plants?  You may use a carefully labeled diagram with your answer.?

Describe the following terms in reference to flow cytometry analysis of immune cells: hydrodynamic focusing, forward light scatter, side light scatter, 2 dimensional scatter plot, threshold, bandpass filter, fluorophore, and CD marker?

1. Outline how muscle contraction is initiated in the cell and include the role for Ca²⁺ in this process.
   

Explain the mechanism of action for Bacillus Thuringiensis in Lepidotera species?

Habitat Loss

2. Are there any quotations?

Know generally how monitor changes in the expression of large numbers of genes:

Your newly established facility was recognised by NATA as being compliant with the OECD Principles of GLP and your first GLP study is now well under way. It is a multi-site study. The in-life aspect of the study is being conducted by a Test Facility located in Switzerland. Rat plasma samples are being shipped to your GLP facility in Brisbane.

However, troubles lie ahead. The person responsible for the analytical phase in your Brisbane facility has just informed you that she has resigned to take up another job elsewhere, effective immediately.

After the initial shock you quickly regain your composure and start compiling a list of what now needs to occur in order for the analytical phase of the study to be successfully completed.

Identify five (5) actions / processes that must occur in order for the study to remain compliant with the Principles of GLP. Each action / process should be described in one sentence.

1.(a)Strong acids can dissolve or chemically burn living matter. Why is the stomach tissue not damaged by stomach acid? Describe the mechanism by which the stomach lining is protected from the very acidic gastric juice.

(b)What is the function of the gallbladder? What might be the consequences of having your gallbladder removed?

1.（a）Explain the muscle mechanism that moves food through the entire gastrointestinal tract.

（b） What is the role of the stomach in digestion? Describe how the structures of the stomach relates to its functions.

(c)Describe the inside surface of the small intestine and explain the functions for its structures

BACKGROUND:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)is an enveloped, (+)-sense, single-strandRNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). The coronavirus family is named for the crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus and includes viruses that infect many species of animals, including camels, cattle, bats, and cats. The SARS-CoV-2 virus appears to have “spilled”out ofbats,its primaryanimal host,and into humansin December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 symptoms appear 2-14 days after exposure and include fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, chills, muscle pain, headache, diarrhea, and loss of taste or smell.The virus spreads from person-to-person, primarily through droplets that are released when a person coughs or sneezes, but also through indirect contact with secretions. It is highly contagious and spread primarily by symptomatic individuals but also by individuals who are asymptomatic. Researchers are working at a frantic pace to design an effective vaccine and determine whether people who recover from COVID-19 can be re-infected. Coronaviruses have remarkably low mutation rates for RNA viruses. Their replicative enzyme has low fidelity (accuracy) but they have acquired the gene for a 3’-to-5’ exonuclease (ExoN) that removes mismatches during and after RNA synthesis

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:

1.(5pts) Fill in the missing terms in the replication cycleof SARS-CoV,a virus that is very similar toSARS-CoV-2with respect to its replication.

A.During attachment, the SARS-CoV___________________[name specific viral ligand] binds receptor molecules on the ___________________[name specific structure] of the host cell.

B.During penetration and uncoating, the virion enters the cell by___________________ and then releases its genome into the cytoplasm of the cell through ___________________[name process].

C.During biosynthesis, the ___________________[positive-and/ornegative] –sense genome is replicated using the viral ______________________[name specific enzyme]to produce ___________________[positive-and/or negative] –sense strands. This activity will also produce ___________________[name specific macromolecule] that will be translated to produce viral structural proteins.

D.As a precursor to assembly, viral surface proteins are translatedin the ___________________[name host cell compartment]. These surface proteins will then assemblewith other viral proteins and a copy of the genome.

E.During release, infectiousvirions leave the host cell by the process of ___________________[name cell process].