Please answer 1-7

1. Based on LD₅₀ values, which of these is the most toxic/lethal?

   		Botulinum toxin: LD50=0.03 ng/kg
   		Shiga toxin: LD50=250 ng/kg
   		Staphylococcal enterotoxin: LD50=1350 ng/kg
   		Abrin toxin: LD50= 20,000 ng/kg

1. Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

   		malaria
   		HIV / AIDS
   		tetanus
   		tuberculosis

1. Which of these best defines pathogenesis?

   		the abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
   		the origin and development of a specific disease
   		the study of strictly bacterial diseases
   		the study strictly viral diseases

1. The LAL (Limulus amebocyte lysate) assay is used to detect the presence of ____________.

   		exotoxins
   		endotoxins
   		fungal pathogens
   		helminthes

1. Live microbes that are applied to or ingested into the human body to exert a beneficial effect are defined as ___________________.

   		antibiotics
   		prebiotics
   		probiotics
   		none of these

1. Where does B cell differentiation take place in adult humans?

   		bone marrow
   		thymus
   		heart
   		none of the above

1.

Which of the following definitions is incorrect?

Please answer 1-7

1. Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella produce invasins that affect the host’s cells, thus causing the host cells to __________.

   		release tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)
   		produce iron-binding proteins
   		engulf the bacterial cell
   		destroy the bacterium

1. What are interleukins and interferons?

   		antibodies
   		antigens
   		cytokines
   		bacterial toxins

1. Which of these permanently colonize the host through most of its life?

   		normal microbiota
   		transient microbiota
   		alien microbiota
   		none of these

1. Which statement about nosocomial infections is false?

   		they occur in compromised patients
   		they may be caused by drug-resistant bacteria
   		they are caused by microbes living inside of the medical facility
   		the patient had the infection prior to hospitalization

1. Endotoxins are __________.

   		associated with gram-positive bacteria
   		are generally more potent than exotoxins
   		associated with gram-negative bacteria
   		actively excreted by living cells

1. Ergot toxin, Aflatoxin, and other types of mycotoxins are produced by ________.

   		viruses
   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		helminthes

1. Which of these is a portal of microbial entry into humans?

   		mucous membranes
   		skin
   		parenteral routes
   		all of these are correct

Compare and contrast parasitism, herbivory, predation and mutualism (2pts). Give an example of each, and discuss how the relationships of these might change over time (3pts).

Please answer 1-7

1. Which of these has the potential to differentiate into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells?

   		erythrocytes
   		mast cells
   		pluripotent stem cells
   		plasma cells

1. Innate immunity involves which components of the human body?

   		skin
   		mucus
   		blood cells
   		all of these

1. Giardiasis is caused by the protozoa Giardia, what is its most common method of entry into the human body?

   		blood transfusions
   		through contaminated water
   		poorly cooked meat
   		none of these

1. Which immunoglobulin has a pentamer structure?

   		IgG
   		IgM
   		IgA
   		IgD

1. The process of hematopoiesis is best described as __________.

   		the differentiation of blood cells
   		the differentiation of viruses
   		the differentiation of bacterial cells
   		none of these

1. Which of these best describe adhesins/ligands?

   		they are either cilia or flagella and are used in cell movement
   		they are surface molecules on a pathogen that bind to the host cell
   		they are a type of exotoxin
   		they are a type of endotoxin

1. Which of these is an example of artificially acquired active immunity?

   		immunity acquired after catching measles from someone
   		immunity acquired from mother to child through antibodies in breast milk
   		immunity acquired via vaccination of a specific antigen
   		immunity acquired via injection of antibodies into the body

You are an aspiring biologist and you want to document the size of a sea turtle population over time. Starting with the vital rates, describe the different factors that will directly impact the size of the population over time (3pts). What else could impact a population (directly and indirectly) size over time (list at least 5 things based on what we have chatted about in class) (7pts).

As an aspiring gardener, Thomas hopes to use knowledge gained in biology class to better understand his tomato plants.

A.  Thomas weighs his tomatoes after harvest, and notes that tomatoes are made up primarily of Carbon and Water. From where did these main components originate, and how were they incorporated into the tomatoes?  (3pts)

B. Thomas calculates that in his one-square-meter garden, his plants began with a biomass of 45 grams of Carbon. After three months, he measures the biomass to be 143 grams of Carbon. He also estimates that 32 grams of Carbon were lost through respiration. What was the NPP of his garden over these three months? (2 points)

C. A garden pest eats 30 grams of carbon. Suppose that pest is eaten by a wolf. About how much carbon will the wolf receive that originally came from the garden? (2 points)

D. Thomas notices that his tomato plants have higher productivity with more sun. He thinks back to when he lived in the Sahara desert and about how much sunlight there was in the area. Why was there such low primary productivity in the Sahara desert, despite having plenty of sunlight? (1 point)

E. Where will the energy stored in the tomatoes end up after a very, very, very long time? Explain. (2 points)

You have a fossil that you want to radioactively date. You run an analysis using Carbon14, and you find that your fossil contains 0% Carbon-14, and 100% Nitrogen14. What does this mean, and approximately how old is your fossil?

Discuss the levels,role, and importance of regulating gene expression within bacteria

How should students prepare to use chemicals in the lab? Select one or more:

• Sort the lab chemicals in alphabetical order for quick access.

• Become familiar with the chemicals to be used, including exposure or spill hazards.

• Check labels and discard chemicals that are not 100% pure.

• Locate the spill kits and understand how they are used.

A long, dismal history tells of charlatans who make unfounded promises and take advantage of people at the time when they are least able to care for themselves. The clinical trial process is the most objective method ever devised to assess the efficacy of a treatment. It is expensive and slow, and in need of constant refinements, and oversight, but the process is trustworthy. (Zivin, 2000, p. 75)

What do you think Zivin means when he suggests that clinical trials can be trustworthy, fast, or cheap—but that in any one trial, only two of the three are possible? How does that relate to challenges in current times to create a coronavirus vaccine?

1.The procedure used to align many sequences at the same time is called: *

• diversity sequence alignment
• multiple sequence alignment
• local alignment
• multiple statistical alignment
• substitution matrix alignment

2.The method of alignment that tries to align regions with high level matches without considering the alignment of the rest of the sequence is called: *

• global alignment
• multiple sequence alignment
• local alignment
• multiple statistical alignment
• high level matching alignment

3.The type of sequence alignments that is most suited for finding conserved patterns in DNA or protein sequences is called: *

• global alignment / multiple sequence alignment
• local multiple alignment
• local alignment / multiple polymorphism search
• multiple statistical alignment
• high level matching alignment

4. An outbreak of pneumonia has occurred. This outbreak appears to involve a family who had attended a family gathering and wedding ceremony. The samples from the patients were then tested by PCR using the primers for 16S rRNA and RT-PCR using primers for SARS and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. Select statements that are TRUE pertaining to the case involving this family. The sequence of the amplified fragment from the PCR is provided here: AACACGGAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGAACTAACGCTGGCGGCGCGTCTTAAACATGCAAGTCAAGCGGAGTAGCAATACTCAGCGGCGAACGGGTGAGTAACACGTGGGTAATCTTCCTCTGAGTCTGGGATAACTTTCCGAAAGGGAAGCTAATACTGGATGGTCCCGAGAGATCACAAGATTTTTCGGGTAAAGATTTATTGCTCGGAGATGAGCCCGCGTCCGATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAAAGGCTCACCAAGGCGACGATCGGTAGCCGGCCTGAGAGGGTGTTCGGCCACAATGGAACTGAGACACGGTCC ATACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTTAAGAATCTTGCTCAATGGGGGGAACCTGAAGCAGCGACGCCGCGTGAACGATGAAGGTCTTCGGATTGTAAAGTTCAGTAAGCAGGGAAAAATAAGCAGCAATGTGATGATGGTACCTGCCTAAAGCCACCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAAAACGTATGGTGCAAGCGTTGTTCGGAATCATTGGGCGTAAAGGGTGCGTAGGCGGACATGTAAGTCAGGTGTGAAAACTGCGGGCTCAACTCGCAGCCTGCACTTGAAACTATGTGTCTGGAGTTTGGGAGAGGCAAGTGGAATTCCAGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGATATCTGGAGGAACACCAGTGGCGAAGGCGACTTGCTGGCCTAAAACTGACCCTGAGGCACGAAAGCGTGGGTAGTGAACGGGATTAGATACCCCGGTAATCCACGCCCTAAACGTTGTCTACCAGTTGTTGGGGGTTTTAACCCTCAGTAACGAACCTAACGGATTAAGTAGACCGCCTGGGGACTATGCTCGCAAGAGTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGTCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAAAAACCTCACCTAG GCTTGACATGGAGTGGAATCATGTAGAGATACATGAGCCTTCGGGCCGCTTCACAGTTGCTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTCACCTTATGTTGCCATCATTCAGTTGGGCACTCGTAAGGAACTGCCGGTGACAAACCGGAGGAAGGCGGGGATGACGTCAAATCCTCATGGCCTTTATGTCTAGGGCAACACACG *

• The pathogen is a type of coronavirus.
• The physician can inform the family that they are suffering from a disease called leptospirosis.
• The patients should be quarantined because they have COVID-19
• The pneumonia is due to a bacterial infection.
• The pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics.

5.Your research group has just completed the genome sequencing for a new bacterial species named V. novela. This newly sequenced genome has not yet been annotated. Your colleague has been studying the VTOX protein in E. modeli for many years and is interested in finding out whether a homolog for the VTOX protein can be found in the bacterial species V. novela. Select the options that are TRUE that can be used to provide an answer to your colleague.

• Do a blastn against the PDB database.
• Use the blastp program with the VTOX protein as the query to search the UniProt database.
• Use the VTOX protein sequence as a query for the tblastn program to search the V. novela genome as the database.
• Search the E. modeli database using tblastn and the VTOX protein as the query.
• Carry out a gene prediction for the V. novela genome and use the resulting genes as blastx queries to search a protein sequence database.

discuss how Japan's health care policy would be a good policy moving forward in the United States. Support your reasoning with research from your text and outside readings.

text: isbn- 9781284120240

chapter 3

A germ cell divides to give rise to two daughter cells. Each of the two daughter cells then divides to give rise to two daughter cells. Is the genetic information found in two daughter cells that arose from a cell that went through the second division, identical? Explain your answer.

Discuss the medical and epidemiological features that you would expect to be associated with a novel Avian Influenza virus epidemic