From the perspective of adaptation, does it matter if traits under selection arise in another species versus already occurring as standing genetic variation or as a new mutation within a lineage? What implications does this have for the origins of genetic novelty in a species by genetic modification (e.g., GMOs)?

Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction methods, and describe various types of asexual reproduction.

Problem 2. You wish to determine the energy content per gram and Calories per serving of a chocolate chip cookie and a banana bread slice from the Student Union to decide which is less “fattening.” The intact cookie and banana bread slice you are analyzing weigh 72.501 g and 69.003 g, respectively. Before you can analyze the samples, the calorimeter heat capacity must be determined. It is known that combustion of 1.000 g of benzoic acid releases 26.44 kJ of heat = 26.44 kJ. Thus, you combust 1.000 g of benzoic acid in a constant-volume calorimeter and record a temperature increase of 2.52 °C.

2a. From the data given above, determine the heat capacity of the constant-volume calorimeter. To receive credit, you must show all work in a legible, highly organized manner.

2b. Now you take a 5.688 g sample of the chocolate chip cookie and burn it in the same calorimeter. During the combustion, the temperature of the water in the calorimeter increases by 11.81 °C. For the chocolate chip cookie, calculate the energy content in kJ/g and the Calories per serving. Please remember, you must show all work in a legible, highly organized manner.

2c. Finally, you take a 4.904 g sample of the banana bread and run it in the same calorimeter. During the combustion, the water temperature in the calorimeter increases by 12.29 °C. For the banana bread slice, calculate the energy content in kJ/g and the Calories per serving. Don’t forget, you must show all work in a legible, highly organized manner.

2d (3p). Based on the above Problem 2 data, is the chocolate chip cookie or banana bread slice less “fattening” in terms of the energy content in kJ/g? What about in terms of the Calories per serving? In complete sentences, clearly justify your reasoning citing the evidence.

Explain in simple terms how pollutant gases increase the temperature of the troposphere, and describe the anticipated environmental and human health effects of global climate change.

List and define the key scientific and methodological domains of environmental health and their relationship to one another.

a) In three sentences, describe the process of fertilization in humans.

b) What prevents polyspermy?

Tim and Rebekah have five girls and they are planning to have their sixth and last child in the fall. Tim is very concerned that his bloodline will be lost as he has only daughters and no sons. He is the only boy in his family and so he feels that unless he has a son, his name will not be passed on to the next generation. Tim reads about a new technology that allows you to test embryos before implanting to select for various traits, including sex. He feels that it might be worth it not to leave it to chance to see if the last child will finally be a boy.

Consider the above scenario and determine whether you feel Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis technique should be used by Tim and Rebekah to select for a boy.

100 words.

The relationship between economics and integrated pest management.

1. In Drosophila again, a red-eyed heterozygous female is mated with a red-eyed male.

A) What are the phenotypes of their male offspring?

B) What is the expected ratio of those phenotypes (in their sons)?

2. A man and woman plan to have children. The woman is a hemophiliac (she suffers from hemophilia, which is an X-linked disorder), but the man is not a hemophiliac.

A) What are the chances that their sons will be hemophiliacs?

B) What are the chances that their daughters will be hemophiliacs?

C) What are the chances that their daughters will be carriers of hemophilia?

3. A married woman gives birth to a color-blind daughter. She and her husband have normal color vision. The husband happens to be a genetics student. Despite the fact that individuals with color blindness live perfectly normal lives, he is very upset by this revelation. Why? Explain your reasoning.

1. ______________________ signaling is a general category of signaling in which a membrane bound signal on one cell activates receptors on an adjacent cell.

2. Fatty acids with two or more double bonds between carbons are called ________________________________ fatty acids.

3. Lipids are transported out of intestinal epithelial cells into the lymph in complexes called ____________________________________________________.
4. ______________________________ is a large branched polymer of glucose that is stored primarily in liver and muscle cells in mammals.

5.Key regulatory steps in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis involve regulation of the enzymes that play a role in the interconversion between fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6P). The nucleotide_____ inhibits the enzyme____ that catalyzes the production of F1,6P from F6P. Also, the nucleotide____ inhibits the enzyme _______ that catalyzes the reverse reaction, which produces F6P from F1,6P.

1.The amino acid serine is classified as a(n) _________________________________________________ amino acid.

2.A type of chromatography that fractionates proteins based on differences in their size is ____________________________________ chromatography.

3.

In Anfinsen's experiments on the structure and function of RNase, he found that non-covalent bonds were key in determining the _________________________ structure of the enzyme.

4.

A type of reversible enzyme inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents the substrate from binding the active site is is called a ___________________________________________________ inhibitor.

5.Chymotrypsin activity includes the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate, formed as a result of bond formed between a carbonyl carbon in the polypeptide undergoing cleavage and a hydroxyl oxygen on the side chain of the amino acid _____in the enzyme's active site. Prior to this binding, this amino acid donates a proton from its hydroxyl group to the amino acid____ also found in the enzyme's active site.

After paired chromosomes align at the cell's "equator", what happens to each of the chromosomes in mitosis?

1. The causative agent for elephantiasis is the roundworm Wuchereria bancrofti which is an example of a(n) ___________________?

2. 		protozoan
   		alga
   		helminth
   		none of these

1. In an A-B exotoxin, which component binds to a receptor on the host cell?

   		the A component
   		the B component

1. Which of these cell types are not immunologically specific?

2. 		B cell
   		T helper cell
   		natural killer (NK) cells
   		all of these are correct

1. Lysozymes _________.  

   		destroy bacterial cell walls
   		are found in tears
   		are found perspiration
   		all these are correct

1. Innate immunity ______________.

1. Regarding the complement system, which of these is a possible result?

1. Which of these is true about the structure of antibodies?

   		they have 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
   		they have constant regions (C) and variable regions (V)
   		chains are linked together by disulfide bridges
   		all of these are correct

1. Which of the following is not one of Koch’s postulates?

1)Ravi and Jonathon, friends from high school, accidently meet each other in the doctor’s office. Each is seeing the same gastro-intestinal specialist for health concerns, both related to digestion / intestinal problems. Ravi’s small intestines are not functioning properly while Jonathon is having an issue with the large intestines. In detail, describe what the two different parts of the intestines do and describe what symptoms each might be feeling

2- In the energy pathways of the cell (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) list where and how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, carbons and CO2 molecules are made or used.

3- Define the role of fermentation and lactic acid production in human cells.

4- Explain the reverse concept, which is how hydrolysis makes monomers etc

5-You should have a good understanding of the different blood types and how they are identified.