is it a good idea to treat the flu with anti-bacterial antibiotics? Explain.

Explain what cells do (identify the role of an example cell, tissue, organ, system)

Classify cells based on their functions, size and shapes;

Sketch a cell, with key structural and functional specialisations noted;

Provide representative exemplar cells of the nervous and endocrine systems and relate their functional role to their morphological and subcellular specialisations;

Describe the structure and function of cell components and organelles; e.g. the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, etc.;

Define and classify tissue types and their functions (epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues);

Provide examples of cells contained within tissues, how these are arranged into organs and systems (particularly in the context of the nervous and endocrine system).

Please list each different medical term in the following Case Study then provide a brief definition of each term.

A 44 years old male was brought into the hospital emergency room with complaints of thoracic angina. there was a suspension of the pneumonia so antibiotic were given but the patient continued to complain of persistent and worsening thoracic angina at which that point cardiac work up was ordered that involved having an electrocardiogram. the electrocardiogram diagnosed the patient with an acute myocardial infarction. most often is caused by an arterial thrombus.

An enzyme with a Vmax of 100 umol/minute and a Km of 10 uM was reacted with a irreversible active site specific inhibitor. After reaction with the inhibitor, the enzyme was assayed using a 2 mM concentration of substrate, and it gave a reaction rate of 20 umol/min. What percentage of the enzyme did the inhibitor inactivate?

Please explain a scenario describing location of bones or muscles using body directions. You may use quadrants, body cavities (abdominal, cranial, etc.), directional planes (frontal, sagittal, transverse) and/or (superior\inferior).

Streptococcus pyogenes

• Disease(s) information
• Number of cases and deaths per year information
• Transmission information
• Taxonomy information
• Signs and symptoms information
• Identification information
• Prevention and treatment information
• Sources information

On January 13, less than a week after COVID-19 was identified as the virus behind the outbreak in Wuhan, researchers at Cambridge-based biotech company Moderna proposed a vaccine to fight it. A little over two months later, on Monday morning, a pharmacist in Seattle injected Rebecca Sirull with that vaccine, making her the third person to be injected in a 45-person clinical trial, the first human trial in the country. To rush the vaccine to clinical trial, Moderna skipped animal testing, a somewhat extraordinary measure. Sirull, a healthy 25-year-old editorial coordinator at a research institute, will receive a second injection in a month and have her blood drawn regularly for more than a year. Should the test be successful, the more optimistic estimates suggest that a vaccine could be available in 12 to 18 months. Intelligencer spoke with Sirull about her decision to take part.

How did you hear about the trial?

I got a letter in the mail about a month ago saying they were putting together a registry for people who might potentially be interested if they were to go ahead with the trial. It said “email this address and we’ll add you to our list.” So I sent them a message just because I thought it was interesting and wanted to hear more and I got a call that same day or the day after that they were going ahead with the trial.

Why did you ultimately decide to participate?

I signed the consent last week. At that point the news around coronavirus, and the policies around it, had escalated a lot. Initially, when I answered the letter last month, it was just a curiosity. By last week, when I could choose yes or no, I realized this situation is actually pretty dire and it’s a really important thing to be a part of.

Did you discuss it with anyone beforehand?

I didn’t tell anyone until I’d actually decided to do it. I told my parents and a couple of friends after I signed up and it was set in stone that I would be doing it.

What happened on Monday?

I got to the clinic at 8 a.m. They have you fill out a questionnaire — it was the third time that we filled that out. It asked if you were feeling any symptoms of the flu or virus; if any of our behaviors have changed that would not allow us to be in the study. We did a drug test, a pregnancy test, a few different blood-draw tests for other things to make sure that we were still eligible. Then the pharmacist came in and gave the injection. The whole thing happened in 30 seconds or less, quick and painless. They sent us home with a form to fill out and a thermometer to record our temperature daily. They call every day to make sure we’re doing ok. I’ll go back for a follow-up visit on Monday.

What did they tell you about the vaccine?

They’ve been very transparent and open to answering any questions that I have. What they told us is that it’s not a live virus. We don’t actually get exposed to the coronavirus itself. The vaccine is made out of a messenger RNA sequence that teaches your body to produce a protein with a similar shape to the coronavirus and then they check and see if you’re able to produce antibodies that would be able to fight that protein if it were to come in contact with it in the future.

Did they give you any indication about the probability of this vaccine working?

I think they’re very hopeful, but I haven’t gotten a lot of detail about the exact percentages or probability that it will work.

You’re working from home in Seattle, under self-quarantine. It seems sort of counterintuitive to put someone who is testing a vaccine into self-quarantine and not coming in contact with the virus.

The test is not whether or not I get coronavirus. They do that with some types of vaccines, but for this one, the way they’re testing is by drawing my blood every week and looking at the number of antibodies that are in it. That’s what fights off the infection. If my body starts producing more antibodies, then they’ll know that it’s effective. So, the goal is not to give me the coronavirus.

Aha, I’m glad that’s not the goal, for your sake.

Pretty neat …

Did they mention any potential side effects?

It’s not a live virus, so most of the risks that they discussed have to do more with the site of injection itself (like redness or swelling). I’m monitoring myself for fever, cough, nausea, headache. All of the symptoms of the virus.

Did they tell you anything about how the vaccine was developed?

They didn’t do animal testing, which is usually part of vaccine trials. That step was skipped. That’s because they have made other vaccines that use this same technique as opposed to a live virus. Those other types of vaccines were shown to be either successful or not have huge risks to the participants. I believe that’s why they skipped the animal portion, since they had already done a similar concept for the flu. They had been experimenting using that same mRNA sequence, as opposed to live virus. It’s just applying that same theory to a new shape.

1. Which type of antigen preparation was she given?

2. What protein antigen of the coronavirus do you most suspect her cells will be expressing?

3. Think about how the antigen will ‘look’ to her immune system. What specific lymphocytes will be the primary response to this type of antigen preparation?

4. Edward Jenner tested his vaccine by challenging his gardener’s son with actual smallpox. Thankfully, that is not the way the success of this vaccine will be tested. How will they know if the vaccine is effective? What does that mean is happening in her body?

1. a) What is the molecule responsible for the release of transport vesicles and describe its function in the endocytosis of LDL via LDL receptors.

b) Comment on how inhibition of the molecule identified in (a) affects uptake of LDL into the cell.

2. Describe the three stages of clathrin-coated vesicle formation including the type of proteins involved? You may use diagrams to explain or enhance your answer.

Suggest 3 reasons why the time required for the pulse rate to return to ordinary varied from person to person within the course and clarify how these variables affected them.

1. A) Predict what effect, if any, smoking would have on a classmates pulse rate.

B) Predict what effect playing a wind instrument or singing would have on a classmates pulse rate.

1. A) What is considered a "normal" pulse rate for person aged 15, 16, or 17 years?

B) What is considered a "normal" recovery rate for person aged 15, 16, or 17 years?

C) Explain how would these figures compare to a person aged 40+ years?

D) What is the danger with determining a normal or average pulse rate for the class?

1. What are the phases of Meiosis? -                                                                                              .                                            

                                                                                                                                                           .                                                                                          

2. Describe independent assortment of chromosomes.__________________________________

3. What is crossing over?                                                                                                         .                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .
4. What is the biological significance of Mitosis?                                                                           .                                                                                                                                                

10. What is the biological significance of Meiosis?                                                                         .                                                                                                                              

____ 1. Condition of color blindness that is more common in men

____ 2. Defective curvature of the cornea and lens that results in a distorted image

____ 3. Opacity (cloudiness) of the lens as a result of protein deposits on its surface that slowly build up until vision is lost

____ 4. Retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation of blood vessels that occurs as a result of diabetes

____ 5. Muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they deviate in different directions

____ 6. Small, purulent, inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid; also called sty

____ 7. Increased intraocular pressure caused by the failure of aqueous humor to drain, resulting in atrophy of the optic nerve and eventual blindness

____ 8. Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light that occurs in such diseases as meningitis, inflammation of the eyes, measles, and rubella

____ 9. Complete hearing loss

____ 10. Rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to progressive hearing loss

____ 11. Ringing in the ears

____ 12. Sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of spinning or dizziness

____ 13. Loss of central vision and a common cause of visual impairment in persons over age 50 years

____ 14. Hearing acuity test that is performed with a vibrating tuning fork placed on the mastoid process and then in front of the external auditory canal and used to test bone and air conduction

____ 15. Test that measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies

____ 16. Visual examination of the ear, especially the eardrum

____ 17. Incision of the eardrum to relieve pressure and release pus from the middle ear or to surgically insert tympanostomy tubes in the eardrum

____ 18. Surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft

____ 19. Strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one eye away from that of the other eye; also called wall-eye

____ 20. Paralysis of the iris

1. Briefly describe the function of each of the organelles listed below
   1. cell wall:
   2. plasma membrane:
   3. nucleus:
   4. nucleolus:
   5. ribosomes:
   6. endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough):
2. 7. Golgi apparatus:
   8. Peroxisomes:
   9. Mitochondria:
   10. Chloroplasts:
   11. large central vacuole:
   12. lysosomes:
   13. extra cellular matrix: