Q5. When do we use the ED50 and EC50, instead of the LD50 and LC50?

Please list and explain the different types of plasmids in regards to microbiology and whether or not having one plasmid influences getting another plasmid.

1. Describe the four different ways that heat exchange can occur between an organism and its environment. Include an explanation of how insulation, circulatory adaptations (countercurrent exchange), evaporative cooling, behavioral responses, and adjustment of metabolic heat production can help an organism balance heat loss and gain.

2. Compare and contrast the dental, stomach, intestinal, and mutualistic adaptations of the vertebrate digestive system based on the type of diet consumed.

Please explain and elaborate on the life cycle of malaria in regards to microbiology. Within your answer, please include specific details on which life cycle the microbe uses (Kreb's, glycolysis, ETC), details of the specific microbe, and where malaria is most common and why.

Compare the acute inflammatory process with chronic inflammation.

Please list, explain, and compare the three forms of gene transfer in the environment in regards to microbiology and give examples.

4. Through the process of sensory transduction, we change incoming sensory information into messages that our brain can process. Two cell types that transduce information are Pacinian corpuscles and Inner Hair Cells.

(a) What type of sensory information are each of these cells sensitive to (be more specific than touch and hearing)?

(b) List and describe two aspects of the process of sensory transduction that are similar across these cell types

(c) List and describe two aspects of the process of sensory transduction that are different across these cell types. Note: Similarities cannot include 1) the fact that both transduce information. Differences cannot include 1) a restatement of the different types of energy that are processed, 2) that these are in different sensory organs.

5. Action potentials are an all-or-none signal, yet our neurons must code for complex sensory information. Please list and describe two methods by which neurons code for incoming sensory information. In your description, you must relate the coding methods to actual theories of how we process information from one or more of our sensory systems.

Describe ecological concepts as they apply to the human microbiome and how they frame comparisons between samples, groups of samples etc. How would you use these concepts to design the next set of studies following the infant microbiome. I expect you to do some legwork beyond your readings to comprehensively answer this question

Briefly discuss the following:(a) spontaneous mutation   (b) miss-sense mutation   (c) non-sense mutation  (d) reversion (e) semi-conservative replcation  (f) gain of function mutation    

Discuss in detail real time PCR (qPCR) including how PCR works, theory of qPCR, advantages, disadvantages, types of detection mechanisms used.

Let’s suppose that you were running RT-PCR and quatifying the level of a particular mRNA using qPCR. You run qPCR but you suspected that you are amplifying the wrong product.  What could you do to determine if the correct mRNA

Why is it medically important to distinguish between Streptococci and Staphylococci?

How would a competitive, irreversible inhibitor affect an enzyme? Please explain in detail.

What is transposition and what are the differences between replicative and non replicative transposition?

Bacteria can carry out gluconeogenesis using components of the citric acid cycle or amino acids, but unlike mammals, they can generate glucose from acetate via the glyoxylate pathway. Because bacteria have no organelles, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate pathway are not compartmentalized. (a) Why is regulation of the glyoxylate pathway necessary in bacteria? (b) Studies show that bacterial isocitrate lyase is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate. Would you expect to see the inhibition of isocitrate lyase when bacteria are utilizing glucose as a sole carbon source? Why? (c) Would you expect the glyoxylate pathway to be more active than the citric acid cycle when bacteria are growing on acetate? Why? (d) Would you expect to find glucose-6-phosphatase in bacteria?

Lipid bilayers can exist in a gel-like state or a more fluid-like state, which is a function of both temperature and lipid composition. Which of these states is more common in a biological membrane and why? Specifically address the advantages this may provide for associated membrane proteins