Question

2. The hydrolysis of ATP is the cell’s most commonly used exergonic reaction when performing energy coupling. Explain energy coupling, why it is necessary, and how the hydrolysis of ATP fits into the process. Use vocabulary words such as “endergonic,” “exergonic,” “spontaneous,” and “nonspontaneous.” (8 points)

4. Prokaryotic organisms do not have membrane-bound organelles. However, they are able to make ATP and survive.

   1. Assuming that bacteria cannot use their membranes to make ATP, which process can they still use in order to generate ATP? (2 points)

   2. Why can they perform this process even though they lack membrane-bound organelles?

      (2 points)

Answer 1

1 ans - ATP (Adenosine Ttiphosphate)- Exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis by Coupling of cells with the help of endergonic reactions which triggers the engergy production with the ATP bonds.ATP is provdies energy for both endergonic reactions and exergonic reactions,done by involvement of energy initiation.Cellular work is harnessed ,when energy is released when chemicals bonds around ATP are broken.Higher the number of bonds present in a molecules more spontaneous energy it produce.ATP bonds can be broken easily which powers cellular process to protein synthesis.
Energy Coupling -In order to overcome energy crisis in prokaryotes ,Cell use ATP reaction coupled with enzymes for production of high energy molecules by hydrolysis of ATP energy is provided.Energy Coupling Factor (ECF) transporters work with ATP - binding cassette(ABC) transporter family which play important role in uptake of micronutrients in Prokaryotic species.Lipid bilayer helps in supplies energy to prokaryotes as it acts as a catalysts.Prokaryotes lack mitichondria, Citric acid cycle is performed in cytosol with the help of proton gradient,so that ATP is generated across the surface of cell i.e plasma membrane.
ATP Hydrolysis - ATP + H20 gives ADP + Pi + free energy. Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy with reverse coombination reaction with ADP +Pi to produce ATP from ADp.ADp is then combined with Phospahte to produce ATP i.e ADP + Pi + free energy gives ATp +H20.Hence spontaneous and non spontaneous reaction depends on ATP hydrolysis.

2ans -Prokaryotes uptake nutrients with the help of ATP production with the help odf enzyme which are present at cellular membrane which surrounds the cells.Cellular Membrane has ability to adjust and to fold themselves for prodution of ATP .Prokaryotes can be either autotropic as wellas Heterophic. They can also use Citric ACid Cycle for energy production.

3ans -Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles.They require energy and carbon for living,which is acheived by light and chemical compunds i.e autotroph - they obtain carbon from carbon dioxide or from other orgamism,making them Chemoheterotrophs.