Question

1) Decribe the location of all organs in the respitory system using directional terms.

2) Explain how homeostatic mechanisms keep the balance of the structure and function in the respitory system.

Answer 1

The respiratory system includes air passages, pulmonary vessels,lungs and breathing muscles that helps to exchange of gas between air and blood and the blood and billion body cells.

Upper respiratort tract : Composed of Nose, larynx and pharynx, the organs of upper respiratory tract are located outside the chest cavity.

The nose and Nasal cavity : the nose and the nasal cavity form the main external openning for the respiartory system and are the first section of bodys airway- the respiratory tract though which the air moves.

the nose is a structure of fsce made up of cartilage, bonre , muscle and skin that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity. the nasal cavity is a hollow space within the nose and the skull that is lined with hairs and mucous membrane.the function of the nasal cavity is to warm ,moisture and filter air entering the body before reaching the lungs.hairs and mucus lining the nasal cavity helps to trap the dust , mold, pollen and other contaminants before they can reach the inner parts of the body.

mouth : mouth is also known as oral cavity, the seconadry external opening of the respiratory system.

pharynx : the pharynx is also known as the throat , is a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx.the pharynx is divided into three regions. naso pharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.nasopharynx is the superior region of the pharynx found in the posterior region of the nasal cavity.inhaled air from the nasal cavity passes through the nasopharynx and descends through the oropharynx , located in the posterior of the oral cavity,air inhaled through the oral cavity enters the orapharynx . the inhaled arir then descends to laryngopharynx. where it is diverted to the opening of pharynx by epiglottis..the epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that acts as a swtich between trachea and esophagus.the epiglottis ensures the air passes into the trachea by covering the opening of the esophagus.During the process of swalloing epiglottis moves to cover the trachea to ensure thst the food enters to esophagus to prevent choking.

larynx: larynx is also known as the voice box, a short section that connects the laryngopharynx and trachea.the larynx is located in the anterior portion of the neck , just inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the trachea.epiglottis is one of the cartilage piece of larynx.inferior to the epiglottis is the thyroid cartilage which is often refered to as Adams apple. which is smost visblre nad prominent in males than in the females.

the thyroid hold open the naterior end of the larynx. and protects the vocal folds.inferoir to the thyroid cartilage , there is ring shaped cricoid cartilage which olds the larynx open and suports the posterior end.

Trachea: Trachea or wind pipe is a 5 inch long tube made of c shaped hyalin cartilage rings lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium..the trachea connects the larynx to the bronchii and allows the air to pass through the neck and into the thorax. the rings of the cartilage allow the trachea to open to tha air always,

bronchii and bronchioles: at the inferior end of the trachea , the airway splits into left and rght branches known as primary bronchii.the left and right bronchii run into the lungs before branching off into smaller bronchii. the secondary bronchii carry air to the the lobes of the lungs.the airway splits into tree like branches of the bronchii called bronchioles.

lungs: lungs are a pair of large spongy organ s founfd in the thorax lateral to the heart and superor to the diaphragm. each lung is surrounded by a pleural membrane that proovides the lung to the space to expand . the right and left lungs are slightly different in the shape due to the heart pointing the left side of the body..the left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung. right lung has 3lobes and left lung has 2 lobes. the interior of the lungs is made up of spongy tissues containing many capillaries tiny sacs called alveoli. alveoli are cupshaped structures found at the terminating art of the bronchioles and surrounded by the capillaries.

Diaphragm: it is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air into the lungs.

The respiratory system participates in a variety of homeostatic processes,two most important are maintaing ph balance and regulating gas exchange.      Both of these homeostatic mechanism are related to the biochemical roles played by two primary respiratory gases, carbon dioxide and oxygen. oxygen enters the body as a component of the air we breathe and is processed by the lungs. carbondioxide which is produced as a biproduct of cellular metabolism travels through the blood stream to the lungs and is exhaled.