Diagram or summarize how HIV infects host cells and indicate the steps of the process that can be attacked by current HIV treatments; include the names of the classes of drugs involved. (ESSAY)

17. A newly identified bacterial strain needs nedine as a growth factor. To synthesize nedine these bacteria use three enzymes that are encoded by the genes nedA, nedB and nedC in the ned operon. The expression of these three genes is controlled by a regulatory protein NedR. Nedine binds to NedR, and it changes the ability of NedlR to bind to the regulatory region of the ned operon.

The ned genes are expressed only in the absence of nedine. The regulator NedR, only when bound to nedine, can bind at the regulatory region of the ned operon.

Answer all questions

1. Draw the ned operon showing structural and regulatory genes, the regulatory region including the promoter and terminator. Describe the role of each term in your drawing.

1. Show the regulation model of the ned operon in the absence of nedine. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, NedR, transcription and translation. Describe the process how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the absence of nedine.

2. Show the regulation model of the ned operon in the presence of nedine. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, NedR, nedine, transcription and translation. Describe the process of how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the presence of nedine.

The human microbiome

a. can protect the host organism from pathogens.
b. can provide metabolic pathways beyond those encoded in the host genome.

c. can be altered by treatment with probiotics.

d. has been linked to diabetes.

e. Alloftheabovearetrue.

Describe the differences and similarities between graded and action potentials;

Describe the processes involved in the movement of an action potential along the axon of a neurone; explain how voltage changes with action potential propagation

1          According to evolutionary theory, organisms with very similar phenotypes:

a.         are always very closely related

b.         always have very similar genotypes

c.         will evolve under very similar conditions.

d.        can have very different genotypes.

e          both c and d are correct.

2          Which of the following is NOT supported by scientific evidence?

a.      Probability Theory

b.      Evolutionary Theory

c.      Genetic Theory

d.      Cell Theory

e.      all of the above ARE scientific theories supported by large amounts of evidence

3.         At the beginning of western settlement millions of buffalo lived on the Great Plains. By 1890 only about 750 survived in the entire country. This is an example of:

a.         a severe mutation

b.         negative gene flow

c.         the founder effect

d.         a genetic bottleneck.

4.         Livestock production in the U.S. today uses nearly 3 times as many antibiotics as are prescribed for all human patients. It is most likely that routine use of antibiotics in animal feed will result in:

a.         an effective, long term way to eliminate disease-causing bacteria in the animals and therefore increase food production.

b.         the animals developing resistance to the antibiotics.

c.         an increased number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

d.         the elimination of viral infections and thus increased food production.

e.         ever fewer disease-causing bacteria in the environment.

5.         Roaches are a common indoor pest in the south. Why must people routinely change the brand of insecticide (roach killer) they use?

a.         The active ingredients in the insecticide break down over time.

b.         Antibiotic-resistance genes in roach DNA are transferred to uninfected roaches by contact with infected ones.

c.         The direct action of insecticides on roach DNA cause individual roaches to slowly become immune.

d.         Some individual roaches in the population may have a mutation providing some natural immunity to the first insecticide and their offspring will begin to predominate.

e          Changes in the chemical formulation of insecticides constantly improve their effectiveness.

6.         Both Darwin and Wallace were greatly influenced by Thomas Malthus who observed that

            a.         populations increase geometrically (exponentially).

            b.         populations increase at the same rate as the food supply.

            c.         populations remain at their carrying capacity.

            d.         food supply usually increases faster than the population that depends on it.

7.         Examples of adaptive radiation of species would be easiest to find:

a.         near nuclear power plants.

b.         in isolated regions with many diverse habitats.

c.         on mountain tops exposed to higher UV radiation.

d.         in moist, humid tropical rainforests.

e.         in areas with much human contact.

8.         Gene flow is an evolutionary factor associated with:

a.         artificial selection

b.         random mating

c.         increased mutations

d.         migration of individuals

e.         small populations

9.         Evolution occurs in:

a.         gametes.

b.         somatic cells.

c.         individuals.

d.         organelles.

e.         populations.

10.       English moths originally had a normal (bell-curve) distribution phenotypes. What was the result of the smoke and soot from the industrial revolution on those English moths?

a.         All phenotypes in the original population were reduced as the population declined.

b.         Both extremes of the curve were selected against and the curve became narrow and tall.

c.         Heterozygote individuals were weaker and died off.

d.         The entire population of moths became darker but retained the bell-shaped curve.

e.         The moth population went extinct.

1. The energy required for tubular polymerization is provided by the hydrolysis of GTP.

A) True

B) False

2. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to flagella and cilia?

A) cilia generate a force parallel to the cell surface

B) cilia have a helical pattern of movement

C)There are usually fewer cilia than flagella

D)flagella display an oarlike pattern of beating

E) cilia are generally longer than flagella

3. Muscle contraction occurs in a cyclic process. Which of the following sequences is in the correct order?

A) power stroke, cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin

B)cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin

C) cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin, power stroke

D) cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, power stroke, cocking of myosin

E) cross bridge formation, cocking of myosin, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation.

4. Choose all the statements below that are true for tight junctions

A) site of membrane fusion that are limited to abutting ridges of adjacent membranes

B) allow the exchange of metabolites between the cytosols of two adjacent cells

C) seal membranes of two adjacent cells tightly together

D) require connexons

Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including cell wall and flagella structure. (ESSAY)

The difference between benign and malignant tumors is

A) malignant tumors are adherent

B) benign tumors have not lost growth control

C) benign tumors have not spread to other sites

D) benign tumors do not stimulate angiogenesis

E) benign tumors are cancers, malignant tumors are not

In order for growth to occur at both ends of a microtubule..

A.The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for the plus end

B.The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for both the plus and minus ends

C. The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for the plus end but less than the critical concentration for the minus end

In cilia, side arms are attached to

A) central pairs

B) a tubules

C) b tubules

D. interdoublet nexins

E. radical spokes

What are the two types of genetic SI(self-incompatibility) in plants?

21.       Which of the following terms refers to RNA only?

a.         Double helix

b.         Thymine

c.         Uracil

d.         Cytosine

e.         Guanine

22.       Codons are located on:

a.         Ribosomes                  d.         rRNA

b.         tRNA                           e.         DNA

c.         mRNA

23.       EcoR1 and HindIII are two different restriction enzymes. If the DNAs of different organisms are cut as described below, which DNAs could NOT join together and be permanently sealed?

a.      Human DNA cut with EcoR1/ chimp DNA cut with EcoR1

b.      Prokaryotic DNA cut with HindIII/ eukaryotic DNA cut with HindIII

c.      Mouse liver DNA cut with EcoR1/ mouse kidney DNA cut with EcoR1

d.      Mouse DNA cut with HindIII/ chimp DNA cut with HindIII

e.      Bacterial DNA cut with EcoR1/ mouse DNA cut with HindIII

24.                   Organism                    Diploid Chromosome number

Crab                                        236

Human                                    46

Spider Lily                              46

Pea                                          14

Yeast   (fungus)                       12

The chromosome counts above support the idea that:

a.                     the more chromosomes a species has, the more complex it is.

b.                    the fewer chromosomes a species has, the more ancient its evolutionary history.

c.                     all species have a unique chromosome number common only to them.

d.                     species may differ from each other in chromosome number.

27. Roundup-Ready ™ Soybeans are:

       a.    easier to harvest than other varieties.

       b.    resistant to insect attack.

       c.    higher in nutrition than other varieties.

       d.    resistant to a specific herbicide.

                                   e.         not usable in food products

28        Which of the following organisms has the most chromosomes (DNA?)

            a.         a fruit fly

            b.         a human

            c.         a dog

            d.         a grass plant

            e.         you cannot tell without looking at cells.

                       29.       One species’ DNA differs from others in its _____.

            a          sugars

            b          phosphates

            c          base sequences

            d          all of the above

                       30.       What are the base-pairing rules for DNA?

            a          A-G, T-C

            b          A-C, T-G

            c          A-U, C-G

            d          A-T, G-C

            e          either c or d

5. The following second messenger activates protein kinase C

A) cAMP

B)DAG

C)cGMP

D) IP3

E) calcium

6. Which of these is the second messenger for calmodulin?

A) cAMP

B)DAG

C)cGMP

D) IP3

E) calcium

7. Which of these is the second messenger thatv leads to glucose mobilization?

A) cAMP

B) IP3

C) DAG

D) Calcium

E) cGMP

8. Which of these second messengers opens calcium channels?

A) IP3

B) cAMP

C) cGMP

D)DAG

E) calcium

9. Which of these second messengers triggers vasodilation (think Cialis)

A) IP3

B) calcium

C) cAMP

D) cGMP

E) DAG

Name ten diseases, five caused by viruses and five by bacteria, and identify the organism for each. (ESSAY)