please i need a computer typing answer with details as possible

1-What is a substrate (futile) cycle? Describe an example of a pathology that develops from a substrate cycle.

what is the biological basis behind photosynthetic rate being influenced by the mass of the sprig? in other words one of the key problems you have is that if you have a bigger or a smaller sprig that weighs a different amount its capacity for photosynthesis will be based upon the sprig, why is that?

maybe this paper will help find the answer?

https://www.pnas.org/content/112/28/8529

What caused the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms (flowering plants) and how does this relate to coevolution?

Can you think of some ways (4 to 5) in which plants avoid temperature extremes?

Superoxide dismutase is a very unique protein. It is the only protein that can catalyze faster than the rate of diffusion, which is usually a limiting rate for proteins since you cannot catalyze something faster than the amount of time it takes for your substrate to arrive at the active site. However, superoxide dismutase is able to do this. If you look at a diagram of superoxide dismutase, you will find a large cluster of basic amino acids surrounding the active site where the substrate binds. First, state the purpose of superoxide dismutase and what its substrate is. Then discuss how you think superoxide dismutase is able to have a kcat/Km that is faster than the diffusion limit.

list and describe the role and use of antibody isotypes in the human immune system. Include functions, roles, locations.

Compare and contrast the immune system’s primary response to an antigen and secondary response to that same antigen.

Why are type IV hypersensitivities different from the other three types.

List and discuss the two strongest reasons that Saletan has in favor of GM crops

Build a Punnett square to represent each junction. Indicate gamete proportions, progeny proportions (each table) and summarize phenotypes.

a. BBMM X BrMm

b. BrMm X BrMm

c. BrMm X rrmm

In humans, hair color is controlled by the interaction of two genes. The same pigment, melanin, is present in chestnut-haired and blond-haired people, but chestnut people have much more. Brown hair (B) is dominant of blonde (r). Feeling melanin depends on another gene. The dominant form of this second gene (M) allows the synthesis of melanin; the recessive form (m) prevents such synthesis. Recessive homozygous (mm) are albinos. For each of the following junctions mention the phenotype of the parents.

a. BBMM X BrMm

b. BrMm X BrMm

c. BrMm X rrmm

The 2006 research paper by Paredez et al (full reference details below) provided direct evidence linking a role for microtubules in regulating cellulose microfibril deposition in the plant cell wall. Describe the major experimental findings reported in this paper and the significance of these findings to resolve long standing models that attempted to explain a role for cortical microtubules in controlling the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition. In explaining the experimental strategy used in this research, what was the rationale for using a CesA6 mutant line as part of their experimental approach?

Reference: Paredez, Somerville and Ehrhardt (2006) Visualization of cellulose synthase demonstrates functional association with microtubules. Science 312: 1491-1495.

Describe the mechanism by which “nucleotide hydrolysis” regulates microtubule dynamics in plant cells.

10. Mutations in the lacI gene (lacI-) constitutively transcribe the lac operon. Mutations in the operator region can also occur, also resulting in the constitutive expression of the lac operon. Using the “reagents” described below, design an experiment to test if a mutant that constitutively expresses the lac operon is mutated in the lacI gene or in the operator.
X-gal – a colorless chemical that is a substrate for B-galactosidase, when cleaved it produces a blue dye that “stains” any cells expressing B-galactosidase.
An F’ strain of E. coli that contains an F plasmid with a functional lacI gene
An F’ strain that contains an F plasmid with a functional operator site
The F- mutant strain that constitutively expresses the lac operon

You can make whatever media you want but must specify what media you use in each step.