2.) Consider the following RNA sequence, which represents the beginning of an open reading frame: 5’-AUGGGACUAGAUACC-3’. Examine each of the sequences below, describe the change to the sequence, and state whether it represents a silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift mutation. If frameshift, be sure to include the consequences of the frameshift (nonsense or massive missense). Use the codon table. a) 5’-AUGGGUCUAGAUACC-3’ b) 5’-AUGCGACUAGAUACC-3’ c) 5’-AUGGGACUAGUUACC-3’ d) 5’AUGGGACUAAGAUACC-3’ 3. Using a couple of sentences each, describe the function of each of the following in regulating eukaryotic gene expression: a) promoter b) enhancer c) histone acetyltransferase d) 5-methylcytosine

On the planet Proboscide, there are elephants that are the size of flies. They genomic makeup is also very similar to the genomic make up of earth drosophila. There are two genes of interest for the elephants. They are PNT, and WGT.

The PNT gene produces two phenotypes, those elephants that like to eat peanuts and wild types that do not.

The WGT gene produces a wild-type phenotype of elephants near mean-weight, and a mutant phenotype where the weights are extreme (very heavy). Both genes have two alleles at their loci.

The mode of inheritance for the WGT gene is autosomal dominant, homozygous lethal. The mode of inheritance for the PNT gene is autosomal recessive. The two genes are unlinked.

In a cross between a male elephant with both extreme weight and that likes peanuts, and female elephant with wild-type phenotypes for both loci (true breeding at each locus)offspring are produced. Among these offspring, two elephants, both with extreme weight and wild-type PNT phenotypes (don't like peanuts) are crossed. In an F₂ offspring pool of approximately 1000 elephants, the most likely pairs of phenotype counts are:

A. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 500
(WGT, +) 500
(+, PNT) 0
(+, +) 0

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

B. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 570
(WGT, +) 180
(+, PNT) 187
(+, +) 62

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the respective gene.

C. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 333
(WGT, +) 334
(+, PNT) 167
(+, +) 162

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

D. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 0
(WGT, +) 681
(+, PNT) 0
(+, +) 319

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

E. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 252
(WGT, +) 252
(+, PNT) 240
(+, +) 261

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

Please answer in detail.(2 pages)
At the core of a fluorescence microscope is the dichroic mirror. What function does the dichroic mirror perform?

Use the preamble below to answer Questions 27 and 28
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, red eye colour (R) is dominant to white eye colour (r). A
student wishes to perform a test cross to determine whether a female red eyed fruit fly is
homozygous or heterozygous for the eye colour. The student mates the female fruit fly with a red
eye coloured male and studies the offspring, which are 100% red eye. The student concludes that
the genotype of the female fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is "RR".
27. What mistake(s) did the student make if any? Briefly explain in bullet points. [5 Marks]
28. Suggest the best way by which a breeder could successfully maintain a supply of red eye
Drosophila melanogaster of the variety that is heterozygous for eye colour. [5 Marks]
Use the preamble below to answer Questions 29 and 30
In a breed of cattle, rough coat is dominant over smooth, and black coat is codominant to red. What
do the following statements mean?
29. The loci of the two pair of genes concerned are on the same pair of chromosomes (assuming
no crossing over). [5 Marks]
30. The loci of the two pair of genes concerned are on different pairs of chromosomes.
[5 Marks]

Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and illustrate it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field)
Please answer in detail.(2 page limit)

a.) Describe the structural differences between fibrin and fibrinogen.

b.) What is a SNP? What is an insertion? Give an example of a SNP that would not affect the product protein.

1. For the lac operon, explain what would happen and why regarding expression of the operon in each of the following scenarios. Be sure to include both positive and negative regulation in your explanation. a.) lactose is present, glucose is absent b.) lactose is absent, glucose is present c.) both lactose and glucose are present d.) lactose is present, glucose is absent, but there is a mutation to the sequence in the CAP site

A kilogram of solution contains following particles dissolved in water 3g of NaCl and 5g of CaCl calculate the osmolarity of the solution ( molecular weight NaCl 58.44g/mol and 110.98g/mol forCaCl).

1. Explain the process by which excess nutrients are converted to energy storage molecules and compare and contrast glycogen and fat as energy storage molecules.

2. Explain the role of ATP in living things. List the major inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration. Describe how the inputs are delivered to cells and the waste products removed. Describe the three major stages of aerobic respiration.

Homo sapiens is one of the classic model organisms used to study cell biology.

True

False

1. Differentiate between the main types of photosynthetic autotrophs. Now, explain the general importance of photosynthetic organisms to the biosphere.

2. Differentiate among the types of energy. Now, explain in general terms the ways that organisms convert energy from one form to another and the efficiency with which they do it.

In what way might you expect transcription and translation to be different in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

Name and describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction. Include in your discussion the differences between mitosis and meiosis. Lastly, which phase of meiosis is most similar to mitosis and why?

Which statements are true regarding protein transport into peroxisomes?

Choose one or more:

Like mitochondrial proteins, some peroxisomal proteins arrive via vesicles that bud from the ER.

Like proteins transported into mitochondria, proteins can enter the peroxisome in a folded conformation.

Like prospective nuclear proteins, some peroxisomal proteins are recognized by receptor proteins in the cytosol.

Like proteins destined for the ER, nucleus, or mitochondria, peroxisomal proteins bear a distinct signal sequence.

Like proteins transported into the nucleus, proteins must unfold before entering the peroxisome.

Like mitochondria, peroxisomes contain translocators through which proteins enter the organelle.

Explain the major ideas behind how a zygote proceeds through embryonic development