In your own words and in detail, contrast a hydrogen bond, ionic bond, and covalent bond.

13. A structural biologist from a renowned medical research institute has just solved the structure of a protein complex formed between two proteins A and B. She wants to find out if this complex forms in living cells. She has managed to label protein A with a green fluorescent protein and protein B with a red fluorescent protein. The green and red fluorescent proteins form a Forster resonance energy transfer pair.

Explain how you might detect the presence of the A;B complex in living cells paying special attention to which technique you choose, how it works and what you would expect to see. (1 page limit)

5. List up to five advantages of MEG over the following modalities:

a. fMRI (measures changes in blood oxygenation levels related to neural activity)

b. EEG.

Part 1:

A TtYy individual is crossed to one that is ttyy

a. List the types of gametes produced by each parent.

b. Form a Punnett square and derive the genotypes of the offspring.

c. How many phenotypic classes will you have in the offspring?

d. How many genotypic classes will you have in the offspring?

Part two:

A mother of blood type O has a type O child, the father could be which blood type?

a. A or B

b. AB only

c. O only

d. A, B or O

Please show work so ill understand!

Discuss the diversity of the Order Urodela. In your answer make reference to morphotypes, life history, neoteny and the distinction between ‘mole salamanders, true salamanders and newts’

Discuss the adaptation of reptiles to terrestrial and/or aquatic environments. Refer to the evolution and radiation of body plans and physiological adaptations to structure your answer

Resistance towards first line antibiotics by MRSA is a big problem. Explain what temperate and lytic phages are, how they infect enteric bacteria, and how it may be used in a treatment of new phage therapy as a potential way to target specific pathogens.

1. Regarding mammography: (2 page limit)

1. Describe how a mammography machine works
2. How does it differ from a conventional X-ray machine and why?
3. Why do we use mammography?
4. Describe the potential risks and safety matters

1.   Based on your understanding of the innate immune system list 3 broad categories (and AT LEAST ONE specific example in each category) that constitute the first line of defense mechanisms by the innate immune system. (Give an approximate time line for this type of defense)
2.   If this defense system is breached describe the process that follows (second line of innate defense). Explain how pathogens are detected and dealt with at this time with specific pathogen groups in mind, innate immune cells and molecular components involved. (Give an approximate timeline for this response)
3.   What are the TWO possible outcomes of this response and the way forward?

how you are able to distinguish between the various types of white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes).

A proportion of the individuals in a given population exhibit a deleterious trait that is controlled by a single gene. We know that this gene has only two allelic variants segregating and one of them is deleterious in the homozygous condition. Heterozygous individuals and individuals homozygous for the other variant are indistinguishable from each other and do not exhibit the trait. The population consists of 345 normal individuals and 155 affected individuals. The selection coefficient for the recessive homozygote is 0.1.

a. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the allelic frequencies in this population?

b. What kind of selection pressure is being exerted on this gene and how will the allelic frequencies change over time (you can also use a figure to illustrate)?

c. We assumed that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Do you believe this is an appropriate assumption for this scenario? Justify

1. Describe 3 dark adaptation experiments that are designed to obtain the following:

1. Pure cone dark adaptation curve
   • Describe the stimulus. Where in the retina is it presented?
   • Describe the subject. Do they have normal vision or not?

2. Pure rod dark adaptation curve
   • Describe the stimulus. Where in the retina is it presented?
   • Describe the subject. Do they have normal vision or not?

3. Both rod and cone dark adaptation curve
   • Describe the stimulus. Where in the retina is it presented?

• • Describe the subject. Do they have normal vision or not?

1. Biofilms are important characteristics of some bacteria. What are the stages for biofilms formation? Explain the importance of biofilms in the survival of such microorganisms in certain environments.

2. Why are infections caused by eukaryotic parasites harder to treat than those caused by prokaryotes? Explain and give examples. What is the most effective method to treat infections with Cestodes (tape-worms)?  why?

3. If a new bacterial species has been discovered, what are the steps that the researchers would have gone through to confirm its identity?

4. Plasmids are genetic elements found in bacterial cells. What are their main characteristics? Discuss the role of plasmids in bacterial infections and survival.

5. Some bacterial enzymes are essential for virulence. Explain the stages needed to establish microbial infections. Classify bacterial toxins. Provide two examples and describe their mechanism of action on mammalian cells.

1. Can photo system 1 also absorb light and release electrons? How do the electrons be replaced?

2. What happens during non-cyclic electron flow? What product can be generated?

3. Summarize the events of the dark reaction. (All inputs and outputs)

Are most animals vertebrates or invertebrates?

How does bilateral symmetry differ from radial symmetry?

What is cephalization?