One can take a fragment of genomic DNA carrying a eukaryotic gene and clone it into a bacterial plasmid, containing an origin of replication and a selectable marker gene. Although the eukaryotic DNA can be stably replicated in the bacteria, the gene is often not expressed. Explain four possible reasons why this is the case.

part b: Describe how bacteriophages and animal viruses may have evolved (Under the progressive hypothesis) part c; How is the egress of new virus particles different for an enveloped virus versus a non-enveloped virus? Explain each process part d: What is receptor-mediated endocytosis and how is it involved in virus entry? part e: How do plant viruses overcome the barrier of the cellulose wall and cuticle of plant cells in order to infect? part f: Compare the entry into host cells of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If an unaffected woman mates with an unaffected man, and they have 2 children with hemophilia, and 2 children who are unaffected,

What are the chances that the couple will have a girl who does not have hemophilia?

Define population substructure and population assignment. Give examples of their relevance in forensic application and wildlife research

Which of the following best explains why you made two separate chromosomes of the same size from the beads?

Select one:

A. They represent the homologous pair of chromosomes an organism would get from its parents

B. They represent the duplicated chromosomes that appear as a result of DNA replication

C. They represent a set of chromosomes created as a result of nondisjunction

D. They represent two different chromosomes that are not a homologous pair

E. None of the above are explanations for why you made two chromosomes of the same size

Duplicated chromosomes are physically connected along an area of the chromosome known as the ____.

Select one:

A. Mitotic spindle

B. Centromere

C. Chromatin

D. Centrosome

E. Gene’s locus

It will be difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase because

Select one:

A. You can never observe an individual chromosome due to their small size

B. The chromosomes leave the nucleus and are dispersed within the cytoplasm

C. The DNA has not been replicated yet

D. The spindle must move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate before they are visible

E. The chromosomes are in their uncondensed/unwound form

Homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate during which stage of mitosis?

Select one:

A. Telophase

B. Anaphase

C. Metaphase

D. Interphase

E. Early prophase

The dividing cell shown here would be in___ of___. Assume that the starting cell was diploid and it was 2n = 4.

Select one:

A. Metaphase; meiosis II

B. Anaphase; meiosis I

C. Anaphase; mitosis

D. Metaphase; meiosis I

E. Metaphase; mitosis

What are the advantages and disadvantages of VNTRs?

Can someone please tell me if these calculations are correct! I'm reviewing my notes, and my professor said to always multiply the lipids by 3 and then divide by 7 to get the total amount of cals of lipids per day... I'm not completely sure why you do that? Can someone explain. Why don't you just stop at 700 cals for lipids?

1. Calculate the number of calories and grams protein for the following TPN solution:
D50W in 500cc
10% AA in 500cc
20% lipids in 350cc (given piggy back 3 times a week)
Flow rate: 75cc/h x 24h

The total number of calories is 2,190 kcals on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (lipids) and 1,890 on the days with no lipids, and the total grams of protein is 90 grams.

Total Formula Volume: 75 ml/ hr x 24 hours = 1800 mL (1.8 L)

            Dextrose: 500 mL x 1.8 L = 900 mL

            AA: 500 mL x 1.8 L = 900 mL

Dex: 900 mL x 0.5 g/mL = 450 g x 3.4 kcal/g = 1,530 kcal dextrose

AA: 900 mL x .10 g/mL = 90 grams protein x 4 kcal/g = 360 kcal protein

Lipids: 350 mL x 2 cal/mL = 700 kcal x 3 days = 2100 kcal / 7 days = 300 kcals

Total kcals: 1,530 + 360 + 300 = 2,190 kcals (MWF- 3 days with lipids)

                    2,190 – 300 = 1,890 (calories for days without lipids)

Describe the clinical consequences of a genetic or nutritional deficiency in the enzyme or cofactor listed below. Describe the cause of this disease (lack of type of food or genetic inheritance pattern) and its prevalence. Include any theory that describes the molecular mechanisms that connect the lack of enzyme activity to the disease symptoms.

a) hexokinase
b) phosphofructokinase
c) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate kinase

Which of these events occur as a prokaryotic mRNA is being transcribed that does not occur in a eukaryotic cell?

• A. splicing
• B. addition of a cap
• C. addition of a poly-A tail
• D. binding of ribosomes before transcription concludes
• E. more than one of the above

1. Which of the following would you expect to have a microbiome?

1. A human
2. An alligator
3. A prion
4. All of the above
5. A and B

2. Which location in a healthy animal would be least likely to have a normal microbiota?

1. Brain
2. Large intestine
3. Small intestine
4. Skin
5. Upper respiratory tract

3. Within a human intestine, which type of microbe would have the highest density?

1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Viruses

4. Which of the following would be considered virulence factors in bacteria?

1. Capsule
2. Toxin
3. Plasmid containing genes for antibiotic resistance
4. All of the above
5. A and B

1. In scientific peer review:

a) list 3 possible fates authors face an editor reaches a decision from the reviewers

b) which of these fates is most likley if the journal is a high-profile, widely-read publication

Imagine you are a tetrapod ancestor about to leave the freshwater pond you’ve always inhabited and invade land. Consider the ventilatory and osmoregulatory challenges you have to face when you switch from a water environment to a terrestrial environment. How can you acclimate to the new habitat to succeed during your own lifetime? What adaptive changes does your species need to make in order to dominate various terrestrial environments for millions of years to come?

You do some research and find that a census of Ireland in the 1910s found 65 individuals afflicted with cystic fibrosis out of 100,000 people. You want to investigate whether the gene involved in cystic fibrosis is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. To do this, you use the frequencies observed in the present to determine the expected number of individuals in each class in the 1910 study.

Frequencies observed in the present: p=.97 , q=.03

Fill in the following table (2 points):

Use the ?² table provided below to infer the p-value of the test (0.5 points)

Reminder: the p value is found by cross referencing the ?²value with the critical value. For example, if your ?² value is 5.34 and the degree of freedom is 1, you would say 0.05 > p-value> 0.01.

Can you conclude that the gene involved in Cystic fibrosis is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium with 95% certainty? Explain why or why not in a sentence or two. (0.5 point)