How does paired pulse-facilitation demonstrate Hebb's postulate and why is it transient?

Describe the four stages of the normal bacterial growth curve and explain the growth patterns of each stage. Define the terms binary fission and generation time.

draw out step by step!! and have mini-explanations under each step explaining what is happnening

SHOW THE peptide bond hydrolysis mechanism of how:

a)cysteine proteases work

b) aspartyl proteases work

c) metallo proteases work

d)how does eptide hydrolysis by trypsin, elastase work with proteases?

The image to the left is best described as what genetic tool used to determine gender and chromosomal abnormalities?

You have been chosen for a very competitive undergraduate clinical internship at St. Visintainer’s Hospital and Metabolic Clinic working with Dr. Saccharo, an expert in enzyme deficiency disorders related to glycolysis. Before your first day Dr. Saccharo has asked that you review the reactions of glycolysis and the concept of isoenzymes.

Recall that isoenzymes are groups of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction in that they use the same reactants to product the same products. They may have different genes, tissue expression, developmental timing of expression, and affinities for their substrates. As an example, phosphofructokinase-1 has 3 isoenzyme forms: PFK-L is expressed in the liver and the gene is found on chromosome 21; PFK-M is expressed in the muscle and the gene is found on chromosome 12; and PFK-P is expressed in platelets and the gene is found on chromosome 10.

Question 1:

If a person would be deficient in all 3 forms of PFK-1, this person would                  .

A.           Have lower than normal glycogen stores.

B.           Have more mitochondrial activity than normal.

C.           Be dead.

D.          Produce more energy per glucose molecule because glycolysis would be unregulated.

It is now Monday morning and you are ready to start seeing patients with Dr. Saccharo.

Patient 1:

Ann is a teenager and avid golfer who was referred to the clinic after being refused at the blood drive and tiring easily on the high school golf course during practice. Ann is examined and a blood sample was obtained for analysis of a glycolysis related metabolic panel. The results of her panel is below (levels: + = normal, - = decreased; ++= increased):

Question 2:

Assuming that Dr. Saccharo is correctly assuming that Ann has a defect in glycolysis, what glycolytic enzyme is the most likely to have the defect based on the blood metabolic profile?

A.           Hexokinase

B.           Phosphofructokinase

C.           Triose Phosphate Isomerase

D.          Pyruvate Kinase

E.           Aldolase

Patient 2:

Marie is a 32-year-old mother of three complaining of fatigue and muscle cramps with exercise. She had always blamed her intolerance to exercise on her sedentary lifestyle. However, she recently joined a gym and after a week of aerobics classes went to her physician, who ordered a series of blood tests. The blood work came back with abnormal results, leading to her muscle biopsy and referral to the metabolic clinic. Marie’s blood was subjected to the same metabolic panel used before with the following results:

Marie’s muscle biopsy was also analyzed and showed an excess of glycogen.

Question 3:

What is the most likely enzyme deficiency for Marie?

A.           Hexokinase

B.           Phosphofructokinase

C.           Triose Phosphate Isomerase

D.          Pyruvate Kinase

E.           Aldolase

Question 4:

If you wanted to test the ability of red blood cells to complete glycolysis what compound would you try to detect?

A.           Fructose-6-phosphate

B.           Aldolase

C.           Pyruvate

D.          Phosphofructokinase

E.           Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 5:

If you used a sample of Marie’s blood for this, what compound could you add to enable these cells to complete glycolysis?

A.           Glucose

B.           Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

C.           Insulin

D.          Glucagon

E.           Fructose-6-phosphate

Please use simple terms so I can understand better. thanks!

Why do cells need to multiply? Discuss a few reasons. Try to do this without using the word “reproduction” or “reproduce”.

Define homologous chromosomes

Discuss the chromosomal number of cells before mitosis and after mitosis

Is mitosis involved in asexual reproduction?

What are telomeres and why are they important?

How does cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) differ in animal cells vs plant cells?

Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, neoplasm, tumor, and metastasis

4. Give an overview of how fatty acids are synthesised in vivo and explain how the process
is affected in diabetes. Precise details of the pathway are not required.
(10 marks – 300 words)

a. What is the theory of evolution (with example)

b. How evolutionary process be measured in species that are still in existence

c. What are forces that can cause evolution (Explain how each works and how they differ) (with examples) (name at least 3)

Briefly discuss three ways in which the biosynthesis of cholesterol can be regulated.
(10 marks – 300 words)

1. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and dental morphology in primates?
2. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and brain size in primates?
3. What do you expect will be the relationship between diet and home range size in primates?

1. [15 marks]

discuss the function of haemoglobin. In your answer include the roles of:

1. 2,3-BPG (2,3- bisphosphoglycerate)
2. carbon dioxide
3. protons

1.

Which organ system provides support for the body, stores minerals, and produces red blood cells?

2.

Which of the following is the term for the tissue that functions to support, bind, or attach other tissues or organs?

Define microbial nutritional types with respect to carbon and energy sources. Define and give examples of the following: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph, saprobe, parasite.

Daryl is a 32?year?old man who presents with a 6?month history of shortness of breath even during activities that require only minor exertion. He has noticed increasing limitation in his exercise capacity and denies wheezing, cough, or phlegm production. He has smoked for 15 years and continues to smoke. Daryl's father has been told he has early compensated cirrhosis but has never drank alcohol; his mother is in good health. Daryl’s serum protein electrophoretic results are shown below:     Adult reference Values        Patient Results Albumin 3.5?5.0   3.6 ?1 ? Globulins 0.1?0.4   0.0 ?2 ? Globulins 0.6?1.0   0.7 ? ? Globulins 0.7?1.1   0.8 ? – Globulins 0.8?1.6   1.0 Total Protein 6.0?8.0   6.1 Patient’s Electrophoretic Pattern                                    18US MLSC 4051: Clinical Chemistry 4 1. What protein fraction(s) is/are abnormal in the patient’s serum? (0.5 pt) 2. An abnormality in this/these fraction(s) is/are most often associated with changes in what protein? (1 pt) 3.   What is the function of this protein? (1 pt) 4.   Could this protein abnormality be related to both the patient’s symptoms and his father’s cirrhosis? Explain your answer. (1 pt) 5. What other test(s) may be done to confirm this abnormality? (1 pt) 6.   What charge is on the plasma proteins when they are dissolved in the typical pH 8.6 electrophoretic buffer? Explain (1 pt)    7.   Are there conditions that will cause an increase in this protein in the serum? If so, state at least one such condition and list at least three other specific proteins that would be abnormal in addition to this protein. (2.5 pts) 8.   Calculate the Total Globulin levels and the A/G ratio for this patient (1 pt)