Balding and color blindness are genetic mutations that occur more frequently in males than females. This is because its a _______________ trait

1, Which of the following is FALSE regarding a woman's choices during pregnancy and lactation, to help ensure the best outcome for the fetus/infant:

Group of answer choices

a pregnant woman needs as many kcalories as possible to ensure proper growth of her baby, and does not need to worry about overeating during pregnancy

a woman should abstain from alcohol during pregnancy

a mother's nutritional status during pregnancy, and her choice/ability to breastfeed for as long as possible, may affect a child's health even into adulthood

a woman should pay attention to folate intake before she becomes pregnant

a woman should check with her physician before consuming any drugs or supplements, even if they are over-the-counter

breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months will likely reap many benefits for both mother and baby

a woman should continue low impact, regular exercise during pregancy

2, It is typically recommended that introduction of solid foods to infants take place

Group of answer choices

between 4 to 6 months

as soon as the infant displays interest

between 1 and 2 years of age

3, Which of the following is true of food allergies

Group of answer choices

about 25% of young children (under four years of age) are diagnosed with food allergies

food allergies tend to increase with age

true food allergies are always associated with symptoms

food allergies are considered the same as food intolerance

true food allergies elicit an antibody response

(Q001) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency) is an inherited disorder where either the body has less of the G6PD enzyme than normal or the available G6PD is not functioning correctly. This deficiency affects red blood cell function and may result in anemia (the destruction of red blood cells) when people with the condition have infections, are taking certain medications, or eat certain foods. People with G6PD deficiency may have some protection from malaria because their abnormal red blood cells interfere with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in their bodies.

Consider the prevalence of G6PD deficiency estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as shown in the map on p. 247 of your lab manual. Compare the distribution of G6PD deficiency with the distributions of the sickle-cell trait and malaria shown in Figure 8.9 on p. 238 of your lab manual. What similarities between these distributions do you notice? What differences do you notice?

(Q002) Why might these similarities and differences exist? Be sure to consider the evolutionary context (including the natural environment, cultural practices, and interbreeding).

18. How can E. coli host cells be engineered so that complex proteins with a large number of disulfide bonds are properly folded and therefore produced in an active form rather than as part of an inclusion body?

11. Sometimes the strategy for the expression of a target protein in a host organism involves synthesizing the protein as part of a fusion protein. Why is this approach useful? How is a fusion protein created?

14. A specific target DNA fragment to be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism can include (1) only the target gene sequence or (2) the entire plasmid, including the target sequence. Explain how each of these results might occur. What are the advantages or disadvantages of the plasmid vector becoming incorporated into the host chromosomal DNA?

Climate change has resulted in the outbreak of infectious diseases especially vector-borne diseases around the globe, discuss. (use at least two specific examples)

Arsenic in drinking water is bad, discuss.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disease that causes the breakdown and loss of retinal cells. Retinitis pigmentosa often starts with decreased night vision and will progress to blindness as retinal cells die.

Several genes have been linked to Retinitis pigmentosa, one of which is GADD. Mice lacking GADD (these mice were experimentally created so that the GADD region of the genome was deleted) have increased expression of non-retinal genes in retinal cells. In other words, in these mutant mice, genes that are not normally expressed in the retina are expressed.  

Crx is a key retinal transcription factor. Crx binds regulatory elements called CBRs (Crx-binding regions). GADD has two CBRs, one immediately proximal to the transcription start site (TSS), and one a few hundred base pairs downstream of the TSS.

You have received DNA from three patients with Retinitis pigmentosa. From the DNA, you sequence the GADD gene and its proximal/core promoter region.   

None of the patients have mutations in the coding region of GADD. All of the mutations you find are in the CBRs. Your findings are below:

• Patient 1 – Mutation in CBR1
• Patient 2 – Mutation in CBR2
• Patient 3 – Mutation in CBR1 and CBR2

Question 7

If you compared histone acetylation in the GADD CBRs between retinal cells and cheek cells would you expect to see more histone acetylation in retinal cells or cheek cells? Explain your answer.

Question 8

How can mutations in non-coding regions cause a change in phenotype (in this case leading to retinitis pigmentosa)? . Note: you do not have to give all possible reasons, explanations of one or two ways mutations in non-coding regions can have phenotypic effects is sufficient.

Question 9

Based on the phenotype of the mice lacking GADD, and what we’ve learned about gene expression what type of protein might GADD be? Explain your answer.

describe some mutation repair mechanisms

• Virus A has an R₀ of 2
• Virus B has an R₀ of 11
• Virus C has an R₀ of .5

If you assume it takes ONE DAY for each of these viruses to infect the new people, then how many people will be infected by each of these viruses after 17 days?

Match the following Actin Binding Protein (ABP) with its functional description:

Cite your results for the change in carbon dioxide concentration in Procedure II as a reference and compare the rates of cellular respiration for sun-adapted and shade-adapted leaves. Explain the biological principles/bases underlying this comparison.

Gene therapy – How is CRISPR cas9 used to change faulty genes? (basic description of the process is fine). Describe how changing a gene could be used to disrupt HIV (remember the immune cell membrane example from early in the term) and to help immune cells fight cancer. What are some ethical considerations for editing genes in humans?