KIA (Kligler Iron Agar) Slant KIA is the most complex media described in this exercise, and it is essential that you use the lab manual and the relevant videos for support when interpreting KIA results. KIA medium contains both the carbohydrates glucose and lactose, in a 1:10 ratio. I addition to the carbohydrates, the media also includes peptones, as an alternative energy source. This media results reveals use of both carbohydrates independently, plus the use of protein (peptones). The KIA medium also contains the pH indicator phenol red.

If an organism can utilize both glucose and lactose, which will be used first? Why?

When an organism used to inoculate a KIA slant can utilize glucose, a limited amount of acid will be produced. This is due to the limited amount of glucose in the media.

If KIA includes the pH indicator phenol red, what color will it turn when an organism breaks down glucose in the media?

1. Given the following fatty acids: Caproic Acid, Valeric Acid, Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid, Arachidonic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Cerebronic Acid, Timnodonic Acid and Cervonic Acid.

1a. Group them into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Identify the number of

carbons and number of double bonds, if present. Give their biochemical name.

1b. Arrange them based on their melting point, from lowest to highest.

1c. Which will you select as constituents of the cell membrane? Why?

Overfeeding, Disuse, and Cardiometabolic Outcomes

1. Explain why a child who goes to school without eating breakfast would have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork.

2. Explain why caloric restriction alone would not be a feasible way to attain a 3:1 SER. List several other strategies for achieving a 3:1 SER.

3. Describe three cellular impairments resulting from substrate build-up in the cell. How do these cellular impairments relate to whole-body metabolic function?

4. Rank the risk factors of obesity, smoking, hypertension, and physical inactivity according to their level of public health burden. Be ready to justify your ranking.

5. In addition to the multisector strategies for improving population levels of physical activity described at the end of the chapter, list five of your own. How feasible would your strategies be to enact?

6. Does a ban on the sale of large sugary drinks (think Big Gulp or Double Gulp at 7-Eleven) make sense for public health practice? Why or why not?

Maternal Biology

1. Approximately 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. In thinking about embryology, why is this a significant public health concern?

2. Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States. The data reveal a direct dose–response relationship between the amount of maternal alcohol consumption and the severity of adverse fetal outcomes; however, they do not identify a minimum threshold of effect.

• Discuss how these data inform the opinions of the CDC, ACOG, the American College of Nurse-Midwives, and other major health organizations that assert there is no safe level of alcohol consumption in pregnancy.

• How would you explain these data in simple terms to a friend who asks you if it is safe to have a few drinks in pregnancy?

3. In February 2016, the CDC provoked significant controversy with the release of the following recommendations in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2011-2013.

Three in four women who wanted to get pregnant as soon as possible reported drinking alcohol, putting them at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Any sexually active woman of reproductive age who is drinking alcohol and not using birth control is at risk for an ­alcohol-exposed pregnancy.

To help prevent adverse consequences of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, health care providers should discuss and recommend, as appropriate, available contraception methods to women who are sexually active and drink alcohol.

• What was the likely intent of this public health message?

• Discuss some of the possible sources of controversy. What assumptions did the CDC make about its target audience? What might have been some effects of these assumptions?

• One of the major challenges in public health is to develop and disseminate messages that address risky health behaviors, while also not infringing on an individual’s sense of personal freedom or choice. Given your knowledge of pregnancy, embryology, and prenatal care, discuss alternative public health strategies for addressing fetal alcohol syndrome in the United States.

Aging

1. List several political, social, and economic consequences of having a shrinking workforce population (aged 18–64 years) relative to a growing population of older adults (≥ 65 years) in developed countries.

2. Let’s assume a marathon runner maintained exactly the same training regimen through middle age and after menopause. Describe the trajectory over 10 years in her marathon times and her body weight and why this might be so.

3. Discuss the pros and cons of compressing morbidity within a set life expectancy vs. extending the life expectancy without attempting to compress morbidity.

4. How can you help an older parent or relative to “age in place”? What would need to happen?

5. Create your own 2020 Health Objectives for older people.

2. Labrador retriever dogs have three coat colors: black, brown and yellow. The color of the pigment deposited in the hairs is determined by a gene with two alleles (B or b). The B allele codes for black pigment and is dominant to the b allele which codes for brown. Another gene with two alleles (E or e) determines if the pigment created will be deposited into the hairs. If both copies (ee) are recessive, no pigment will be deposited (regardless of which is produced), and the dog will be yellow.

1. What do you call the type of relationship that the E gene has with the B gene? (0.5 points)

2. You cross together two Labradors with genotypes B/b; E/e.
   1. What is the phenotype of the B/b; E/e genotype? (1 point)
   2. Determine the phenotypic ratio for the F1 generation. Show your Punnett square! (2 points)

3. What phenotypic ratios do you get if you cross the following types of Labradors (show your Punnett square as well; 6 points):
   1. B/b; E/e X b/b; e/e
   2. B/B; E/E X B/B; E/e
   3. b/b; E/E X B/B; e/e

Biochemistry major

The relationship between vitamin D and chronic obstruction
Pulmonary disease, very detailed explanation