What are some scare tactics and misuse of science against GMO's?

What are some of the potential problems of using GMOs in the food supply?

Explain the lifecycle of a typical Trematode fluke, Fasciola heptatica. What happens during the Fasciola lifecycle if the larvae get into the wrong host?

8. Tuberculosis

The genus mycobacterium contains over 50 species with several human pathogens of concern.

Mycobacteria are distinguishable from other types of bacteria by the presence of wax layers and

high molecular weight fatty acids (mycolic acids). This complex, external structure offers

protection from acids, drying and some germicides. In fact, mycobacteria are also referred to as

acid-fast bacilli because acid treatments will not result in decolorization during staining.

One of the mycobacteria species of medical interest is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the

causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). TB is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide.

In fact, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that one third of the total world

population is infected with TB.

M. tuberculosis normally attacks the lungs, but can infrequently infect other areas of the body.

An infection with M. tuberculosis can result in latent TB infection or TB disease. Latent TB

infections occur when M. tuberculosis is present but not active. People with latent TB infections

do not exhibit any symptoms, do not feel sick, and are not infectious. If the M. tuberculosis

becomes active and multiplies, the person will develop TB disease.

People with TB disease are infectious. TB is spread primarily by M. tuberculosis becoming

airborne in droplets of respiratory mucus when a person with TB disease coughs, sneezes,

sings or speaks. By breathing in the airborne bacteria, the new person is inoculated. Symptoms

of TB disease include pain in the chest, coughing up blood or sputum, or a bad cough that lasts

three weeks or longer. TB is tested for by either a TB skin test (TST) or by a TB blood test.

Direct identification of acid-fast bacilli in sputum is also used to detect M. tuberculosis. Current

treatments for TB include long term use (6 to 24 months) of a combination of medications.

Questions:

1. What are some of the other symptoms of TB disease not mentioned above?

2. In the U.S., Certain populations have a disproportionate rate of TB. Which populations

are these?

3. How have antibiotic resistant strains of M. tuberculosis hindered treatment?

4. Why are many health care workers required to get tested for TB?

5. A chest x-ray is used occasionally to detect lung damage in TB patients. What is the

radiologist looking for in the x-ray?

6. How are giant African rats being used to detect TB?

7. What other sites in the body can be infected by M. tuberculosis?

8. What is the primary habitat for M. tuberculosis?

why did endosymbiosis not occur by a ”proto-eukaryotic” cell phagocytizing another cell?

4.During the course of the development of our understanding of the structure of the plasma membrane, it was at one point hypothesized that the proteins in the membrane coated the lipid bilayer on both sides (the sandwich model). What two pieces of evidence suggested that the sandwich model was incorrect?​

Systematic reviews are not free of biases. A meta-analysis was recently published that examined the association both red and processed) meat consumption and colorectal cancer. In their results the authors reported that the publication bias was in the studies on processed meat and colon cancer, noting that small studies with inverse missing. When present publication bias with these characteristics is most likely to lead to:

a over-estimation of the association between an exposure and an outcome.

b.confounding the association between an exposure and an outcome.

c.under-estimation of the association between an exposure and an outcome.

d.lack  of the association between an exposure and an outcome.

In Habersham County, Tom was feeling slightly nervous as he exited the staff lounge

and entered the hustle and bustle of County Hospital’s ER to begin his first shift as an RN. The first few hours of his shift passed slowly as Tom mostly checked vital signs and listened to patients complain about various aches, pains, coughs, and sniffles. He realized that the attending physician, Dr. Greene, who was rather “old school” in general about how he interacted with nursing staff , wanted to start him out slowly. Tom knew, though, that the paramedics could bring in a trauma patient at any time.

After his lunch break, Tom didn’t have long to wait before the paramedics burst in through the swinging double-doors of the ambulance bay wheeling in a young man on a gurney. Edward, a veteran EMT, recited the vital signs to Tom and Dr. Greene as they helped push the gurney into the trauma room, “A 18-year-old male, GSW to the right abdomen, heart rate 92, respiratory rate 22, blood pressure 95/65 no loss of consciousness.” A gunshot wound! Tom knew that gunshot wounds were sometimes the most difficult traumas to handle.

Once inside the trauma room, Dr. Greene began his initial assessment of the patient while Tom got busy organizing the things he knew would be needed. He attached a pulse-ox monitor to the patient’s index finger so Dr. Greene could keep an eye on the O2 levels in the patient’s blood and he inserted a Foley catheter so the patient’s urine output could be monitored.

After finishing his initial duties, Tom heard Dr. Greene saying, “It looks like the bullet missed the liver and kidney, but it may have severed an artery. That’s probably why his BP is a bit low. Tom, grab a liter of saline and start a fast IV drip … we need to increase his blood volume.” Tom grabbed one of the fluid-filled bags from the nearby shelf, attached a 12-gauge IV needle to the plastic tubing, and gently slipped the needle into

the patient’s antecubital vein. He then hung the plastic bag on the IV stand and let the fluid quickly start to flow down the tubing and into the patient’s vein.

The reaction was quick and violent. The patient’s heart rate began to skyrocket and Tom heard Dr. Greene shouting, “His O2 saturation is falling! Pulse is quickening! What is going on with this guy?!” Tom stood frozen in place by the fear. He heard Dr. Greene continuing, “Flatline! We’ve lost a pulse … Tom, get the crash cart, we need to shock this guy to get his heart going again!” Tom broke free from his initial shock and did as Dr. Greene had ordered. He then started CPR as Dr. Greene readied the cardiac defibrillator to shock the patient. They continued to alternate between CPR and defibrillation for almost an hour, but to no avail. As Dr. Greene announced the time of death, Tom felt a sickening feeling in the pit of his stomach. He couldn’t believe that he had lost his first trauma patient!

Then Tom noticed that the fluid in the Foley catheter bag was bright red. “Dr. Greene, there’s hemoglobin in the Foley bag,” he said. “How could that be?” responded Dr.

Questions

1)      After Tom made his error, is there anything that could have been done to save the patient’s life?

2) The solute concentration in blood is equivalent to 0.9% NaCl.

Several drops of blood were added to three different solutions: 0.09% NaCl, 0.9% NaCl and 9% NaCl. What would happen to the cells dipped in three different solutions?

what are skin color pigments? Where are they found? How are they regulated?

This questions are from Evolution class

1. In a short answer: What does the evidence point to as the ancestors of eukaryotes? How did eukaryotes form? Your answer

2. Mitochondria have their own Genes; in humans, only 13 genes. What is significant about this related to evolutionary origin of mitochondria AND why might be an ecological/evolutionary reason for there be so few mitochondrial Genes?

3. What is the principle of the selfish gene and how is our common way of framing genetics a skyhook?

There are two "arms" of the immune system, Innate (non-specific) and Adpative (acquired).

What are the advantages of a cell-mediated immune response?

Recall the steps involved in phagocytosis. Now, speculate on the consequenses if an organism had the ability to evade phagocytosis. Be specific as to the effects on adaptive immune response.

Consider MN blood groups in humans. Suppose there is a population of 800 individuals. The following data were collected from the population:

(A)What is the frequency of the two alleles, LMand LN, in the population?

(B)What is the expected frequency of each genotype in the population?

(C)Based on the data, is the gene for the MN blood group in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this population? Explain your answer. (hint: perform a chi-square test and interpret the results of the test)

You have isolated two temperature-sensitive strains of yeast (which you have named giant and tiny) that show very different responses to elevated temperature. At high temperature, giant cells grow until they become enormous, but no longer divide. By contrast, tiny cells have a very short cell cycle and divide when they are very much smaller than usual. You are amazed to discover that these strains arose by different mutations in the same gene. Based on your understanding of cell cycle regulation, which possibility makes sense?

Group of answer choices

Hyper active Wee1 would generate both tiny and giant strains

Hyperactive form of Cdc25 would generate tiny strain and an inactive form of Cdc25 would generate giant strain

Inactive form of Wee1 would generate giant strain and hyperactive Wee1 would generate tiny strain

Hyperactive Ced25 would generate both tiny and giant strains

Hyperactive form of Cdc25 would generate giant strain and an inactive form of Cdc25 would generate tiny strain