Reactions require energy. The reaction that adds a new nucleoside to a growing chain of DNA requires energy as well. Where does this energy come fromWhat is the name of the enzyme involved in this process?

The enzyme named above only moves in what direction along the DNA strand? What consequences does this have on the other strand? What is an Okazaki fragment, and how are they later “glued” together?

What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA?

Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first in order to make protein from DNA?

In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA?

Where in the cell is mRNA synthesized? Where does it go after its synthesis?

Define codon.

What codon(s) signal the start and stop of protein synthesis?

In one sentence, explain what tRNA does.

What enzyme attaches the correct amino acid to each tRNA? Is there only one kind of this enzyme that works for all 20 different amino acids?

Define anticodon. Define translocation.

Why does protein synthesis end when the stop codon is encountered by the ribosome?

6.What type(s) of mutations are there between the BMD strand and the WT strands. What effects, if any, do you think these mutations have on the function of the dystrophin protein. Explain your reasoning. (Assume that the observed mutations ONLY affect the polypeptide sequence in this exon.)

Peas heterozygous for three independently assorting genes were intercrossed.

(example cross: Aa Bb Cc x Aa Bb Cc )

What proportion of the offspring will be homozygous for one gene and heterozygous for the other two?

(hint: apply binomial expansion equation)

1/4

3/8

1/8

3/16

1/2

already answered 1/4 and 1/2 and they were incorrect

Explain how resource partitioning may lead to the following two processes :

• modification of a population's realized niche
• speciation.

Summarize the Jared Diamond Ted talk,  how it relates to the book Psychology of Aging: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Describe the biosynthesis of human papillomavirus (HPV). Discuss the transcription of the virus genome into new virion particles. Make sure to include if your virus must package any special enzymes in order to be effective.

1. What Region of visible light spectrum yields the highest photosynthetic rates in spinach? What regions yield the lowest photosynthetic rates? How do you know? (See graph below)

2. 2. Green photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a and b) capture energy from a wide—but not the widest possible—region of the visible spectrum of light. What pigment color would enable plants to capture energy from almost the entire spectrum of visible light? Why, then, are most plants green? (see graph below)

3. 6. Describe the impact of green light, blue light, and DCMU on photosynthesis. Use data to support your answer.

When does the chemical formula (formula unit) of an ionic compound indicate about the structures that make up the compound?

A) Smallest natural radio of ions present

B) The amount of charge on each ion present

C) The total number of each ion present

D)The number of electrons each ion lost or gained

A molecule with multiple polar bonds:

A) will always be polar

B) will never be polar

C) may or may not be polar based on shape

What kind of compounds are liquid at room temperature?

A) Ionic

B) covalent (molecular)

C) could be either ionic or covalent

HIV is considered a chronic infectious disease. With access to health care and adherence to suggested HAART therapy, people are living normal lives through their late adulthood without AIDS progression. Let's talk a little bit about the rights and responsibilities of a person with a chronic communicable disease like HIV.

1) Currently, military applicants who test positive for HIV are excluded from participating in military service, regardless of the ability to perform. Would you consider this discrimination of a pre-existing condition?

2) Active duty military or reservists that test positive (they are tested biannually) are allowed to stay in the military, and only discharged when soldiers are physically deteriorated or cognitively inept. Recently, multiple men have been forcibly discharged from the military due to a positive HIV test, despite being asymptomatic, overall in 'good' physical and mental health, and adhering to HAART therapy. Do you think there is any rational argument to remove service men and women from duty if they are HIV positive? Is this a violation of the rights of the individuals?

3) What do you think of the scenario where an HIV infected individual is in a combat-zone, receives an injury, and potentially exposes his or her fellow soldiers to their blood during rescue efforts?

4) It is highly recommended that HIV positive pregnant females take HAART therapy throughout their pregnancy. HAART during pregnancy has proven highly efficacious in minimizing the transmission of HIV from mother to fetus throughout pregnancy and during birth. However, it is not legally required for a pregnant woman to take HAART therapy, even when the mother is provided HAART through government funding such as MassHealth. Should a DOTS-like program (remember from the TB lecture) be required for pregnant HIV females?

5)  Persons who inject drugs can substantially reduce their risk of getting and transmitting HIV, viral hepatitis and other blood-borne infections by using a sterile needle and syringe for every injection. In many jurisdictions, persons who inject drugs can access sterile needles and syringes through syringe services programs and through pharmacies without a prescription. However, a largely conservative population views these programs as a promotion of addict behavior. Do you agree with this sentiment? If yes, explain. If no, how can we change these views?

I have two questions based on the Genome of SARS-CoV-2. I would love to see your sources that you used as well, thanks! (I will leave a positive review.)

1. What proteins are encoded in the SARS-CoV-2 genome? What is the general function of each?

2. What are genomic hotspots? Considering COVID-19 is caused by a novel virus among humans, what process(es) might these areas of the genome be critical in enabling?

1. Liz has recently been diagnosed with hypertension and told to cut back on her dietary sodium. Explain how sodium affects blood pressure and provide practical suggestions that would help Liz reduce her sodium intake. In your response, consider the guidelines in the DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet.

2. Define the terms “free radical” and “antioxidant”. Explain how free radicals are formed in the human body and how antioxidant nutrients function in decreasing human disease.

Assume that a chemical of concern has a concentration of 12 mg/L in drinking water. Determine the dose of the chemical for adults and children. What is the cancer risk associated with this exposure if the slope factor is determined to be 0.065 (mg/kg-d)-1 for oral exposure? If 10,000 individual consumed this water over their lifetime what number would likely get cancer?

if LIA tubes were accidentally prepared with no glucose how the results of the test ne changed

What are the consequences of flu virus evolution for vaccination strategy? (in-depth please)

Disc 1

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The following Critical Thinking questions are meant to provide deeper understanding of biology topics after students have watched this week's Panopto lectures. Attempting to answers these before lectures have been watched, may compromise your understanding and participation in this course.

In the future, I will be subdividing the class into smaller online groups to answer these questions so it may be less intimidating for the "shy" person, but for this first one I wanted to do it as a class.

How do your get graded? Well, you are NOT graded on whether you answer the questions correctly! You are graded on how well you use critical thought from our lecture and chapter readings to synthesize answers. Your posts should NOT be long, multi-paragraph essays but rather concise statements that are well thought out. They can even be in the form of a question or inquiry such as "...I know that only proteins have disulfide bridges so if a stain binds to these groups then it should change color, however I'm not sure how that relates to the question...". Help each other out if some people are struggling to understand the question or are having difficulty seeing a point of view. Some questions may not have a correct answer! I will reveal the answers or possible answers after the due date.

For each question below post one critical thinking post and one critical thinking reply to another student before the due date (that's a total of 8 posts all together). Note that your posts doesn't have to answer the question completely...partial answers to a question are fine!

Macromolecules

1. Trans-fatty acids are a type of unsaturated fat. Most trans-fats consumed today are industrially created as a side effect of partial hydrogenation of plant oils (Crisco). In trans-fat molecules, the hydrogens on the doubly bonded carbon atoms (characteristic of all unsaturated fats) are straighter, rather than kinked, in shape. Why do you think trans-fats are considered unhealthy as compared to other unsaturated fats? Can you explain your answer chemically?
2. Why might an evolutionary biologist be interested in comparing the amino acid sequence of proteins between two different species? What differences might she find when comparing species that are distantly related or closely related? Explain.
3. Some viruses carry their genetic material as DNA while others, known as retroviruses, carry their genes as RNA. Virologists studying emerging viruses that might infect humans are interested in discovering which types would be the most difficult for our immune system to fight. Viruses that mutate quickly and thus, are able to thwart our immune defenses are the most concerning. Which of these two viruses, DNA or RNA, do you think mutate faster? Explain.