1. Describe common modifications of stems. Which ones are important for human use, and why?

2. Discuss the function of a fleshy fruit. How do humans use fleshy fruits? Is the relationship with humans beneficial for these plants?

1. Alpha thalassaemia is a blood condition resulting from abnormal haemoglobin production, due to loss of function of copies of either HBA1 or HBA2 genes. These genes are very similar and next to each other on the chromosome; for simplicity’s sake we talk about having four copies of the HBA gene (two alleles, with two HBA copies on each allele).

Alleles are depicted with α representing a functioning HBA gene, and - representing a non-functioning gene. For example, the genotype α-/αα represents someone with one allele with only one HBA copy functioning, and a second allele with both HBA copies functioning.

There are multiple phenotypes of alpha thalassaemia, which generally depend on how many of the four HBA copies are functioning. This is outlined in the table below:

Both Indian and Southeast Asian populations have relatively high rates of alpha thalassaemia.

In Indian populations, alleles with one HBA gene copy deleted are the common cause of alpha thalassaemia conditions. Alleles with both HBA gene copies deleted are rare.

In Southeast Asian populations, alleles with both HBA gene copies deleted are the common cause of alpha thalassaemia conditions. Alleles with one HBA gene copy deleted are rare.

You are providing genetic counselling to an Indian couple, both of whom have alpha thalassaemia trait due to mutations commonly seen in their population.

Regarding alpha thalassaemia, what are the phenotypes possible for a pregnancy for this couple? Give the chance of each phenotype.

1. Diagram and discuss the structure of a woody stem. Which tissues are economically important? Why?

2. Flowers are sometimes referred to as ‘pets of the plant world’. Explain this statement. How did alliance with humankind affect the evolution of plants cultivated for their flowers?

1) Compare and contrast intensive agriculture and prairie agriculture in terms of their effects on the environment.

2) Parenchyma is one of the most common tissue types. Describe common human use(s) for parenchyma. Which properties of parenchyma make it suitable for human use?

Plasma Membrane. What is the composition of plasma membrane (PM) of a bacterial cell? How does this compare to a eukaryotic cell? List the functions of the PM. Without complex internal membranes, where do prokaryotes carry out membrane-bound chemical reactions such as ATP synthesis or photosynthesis?

The green fluorescent protein and 4-methylideneimidazole-5-one (MIO) containing enzymes, have a cofactors made from the cyclization of three amino acids. Draw the structure of MIO and the green fluorescent protein chromophore, then circle atoms derived from each amino acid.

1. A boat carrying 2,000 passengers sets sail for an island with a population of 23,000. Both of these populations consist of an equal number of males and females.

21 male passengers on the ship have an X-linked recessive condition. 15 of the male island inhabitants have the same condition, and no females on the ship or the island show the phenotype.

1. What is the frequency of the disease-causing allele on the ship?

2. How many females on the ship would you expect to be carriers for this condition?

3. The ship docks, and a woman from the island falls pregnant to an unaffected man from the ship. What are the chances their first son will be affected with the condition?

4. An affected man from the island and a woman from the ship have a girl. What is the daughter’s chance of being a carrier?

29. A genetic testing company offers expanded carrier screening. Amongst the conditions they test for, they provide the following information regarding the carrier frequency and testing sensitivity for cystic fibrosis (CF) in different populations.

A couple consisting of a Caucasian man and an Asian woman are interested in doing this expanded carrier screening test.

1. Assuming there are no known people affected with CF in either of their families, what are the baseline (i.e. before testing) chances of this couple having a child affected with CF?

2. The woman does testing first, and she is found to be a CF carrier. Taking this finding into account, what are the updated chances of this couple having a child affected with CF?

3. The man does testing, and results show he has not been detected as a carrier. Taking both the man’s and the woman’s testing results into account, what are their updated chances of having a child with CF?

Hurricanes often disrupt water systems, making the tap water non-potable. What steps could be taken to lessen the spread of waterborne illnesses such as cholera?

In order to grow certain cells in culture the media numerous special growth factors that cannot remain active after heat sterilization, this media must be filtered to remove bacteria. What size should the pore on the filter be? Why?

An OTC foot powder contains camphor, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil and zinc oxide. Which ingredient is effective at controlling fungal growth on skin and nails?

Compare and contrast one example of a Basdiomycota with an Ascomycota genus

perform a x^2 test and interpret it

A 20 year old student returned to the United States after a three month stay in Guatemala. She had visitied rural villages during her stay. She had lost weight, complained of fever, shortness of breath and had upper and lower eyelid edema in her right eye. She had hepatosplenomegaly with lymphadenopathy. EKG tracings revealed abnormal P, T and QRS peaks and an enlarged heart. Thick and thin Giemsa blood stains showed a flagellated parasite shown in the figure. 1) What is the name of this patient's illness? What is the parasite causing the infection (Genus and species)? 2) How did the patient acquire this infection? 3) What is the name given to the lesion that may develop at the site of innoculation of the parasite? 4) What is the name given to the unilateral edema of the eye seen in this patient? 5) What other complications could occur in this patient?

What is meant by “the importance of place” in early American science?

The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't the injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection?

2- How do we know that streptokinase will break down fibrin and not functional tissue?

3- bromouracil is used as an anti cancer drug it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes during DNA replication, name the enzyme site the nucleoside analog is probably binding.

4- Is glucose completely broken down in respiration or fermentation?

5- How does aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?