Each of the four major kinds of plants is associated with four important evolutionary events. What are those events, and which plant type is associated with each event? (This question is worth 20 points)

40. Why have researchers turned to the techniques of metagenomics to get a grasp on the abundance and diversity of microbes in the marine environment? (2)

41. Prochlorococcus is a marine cyanobacteria. Since this organism is a prokaryote (no chloroplasts), how does it photosynthesize? (2)

List the 5 basal ganglia. Indicate which are located in the cerebral hemispheres, which in the diencephalon, and which in the midbrain.

The movement of molecular motors depends on the conformational changes that the proteins undergo as they proceed through the cycle of nucleotide binding, hydrolysis, and release. If you were to add a nonhydrolyzable form of ATP to myosin, at what point would you block its movement? How is this similar to or different from adding a nonhydrolyzable form of ATP to kinesin?

A person becomes ill after ingesting food containing botulinum toxin. This is an example of:

A. Intoxication

B. Toxemia

C. Endemic

D. Infection

44. Jellyfish are considered

a. meroplankton

b. kronoplankton

c. cryoplankton

d. holoplankton

45. Crab larvae are considered

a. meroplankton

b. kronoplankton

c. cryoplankton

d. holoplankton

46. Organisms that are able to swim against the current

a. phytoplankton

b. zooplankton

c. nekton

d. infauna

e. epifauna

47. Heterotrophic organisms that are too weak to swim against the current

a. phytoplankton

b. zooplankton

c. nekton

d. infauna

e. epifauna

A tuberculin skin test involves injection of a purified TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) antigenic protein under the skin. A positive skin test is a local swelling and redness at the site after 48 to 72 hours.

(a) What cell type is responsible for this reaction?

(b) Why do people who have been vaccinated with BCG (attenuated bovine tuberculosis bacterium) sometimes have a positive skin test even if they do not have active tuberculosis?

Rapamycin (sirolimus, Rapamune) is a common anti-rejection drug given to organ transplant patients, usually for the rest of their lives after transplant.

(a) What is the target of rapamycin on cells of the immune system and what cells are affected?

(b) Why does this effect cause immunosuppression?

(c) Why does the drug have to be given for the lifetime of the patient?

Studies have been done on the use of anti-CD40 ligand antibody ruplizumab (trade name Antova) in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE, Lupus). Lupus is characterized by B cells making anti-DNA autoantibodies.

(a) According to the naming conventions, what does the name of this drug tell you about its structure? (b) What type of immune cells would it bind to?

(c) Why do you think that it was tried in the treatment of lupus?

Why aren't all amino acid R groups ionizable?

what are mechanism involved in preparing yeast from slant to fermenter? please make the answer as detailed as you can, perhaps you could add reference so I can study this further

Compare and contrast the process of viral replication in animals, plants, and bacteria. Why this variation?

Part 1: Select one of the cell parts from the list below.

1.Without using any resources other than your memory, what do you currently know about your chosen cell part? What do you remember about what your cell part does/function?

2. What unanswered questions do you have / what are you curious about your cell part?

(You might have questions such as---   How does it form? How do proteins get to it? What happens to it during cell division? How many membranes surround it? etc. - whatever you are curious about!)

Compare and contrast the different types of inhibitors, with examples, including: transition state inhibitors, suicide inhibitors, irreversible inhibitors, competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

#1: Gene Transcription and Translation

Write a brief statement hypothesizing as to why mRNA is so unstable in most bacteria (t1/2 of about 1 minute), when the same half-life is more like 1 hour in higher organisms?

6. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyses _____ 1. DNA replication 2. transcriptional termination 3. the attachment of amino acids to the tRNA molecules. 4. the binding of mRNA to the 30S subunit. 5. the removal of the polypeptide from tRNA in the P site and transferal to the amino acid at the A site 7. If the strand “5'-TACGCCT-3'” is a template strand, what would the mRNA strand look like? 1. 5'-AGGCGUA-3' 2. 3'-AUGCGGA-5' 3. 3'-ATGCGGA-5' 4. 5'-AGGCGTA-3' 5. 5'-UGGCGTU-3' 8. A repressor is a______. 1. regulatory protein that increases the rate of transcription 2. regulatory protein that binds to DNA and inhibits transcription 3. form of positive control. 4. small effector molecule that causes transcription to increase 5. enzyme that converts lactose to allolactose 9. Complete the following statement: When there is lactose in the medium and no glucose, the cAMP concentration is _____. 1. low 2. medium 3. high 4. inhibited by negative feedback 5. negatively regulated 10. Antisense RNA________ 1. carries a codon during translation 2. is a strand of RNA, complementary to a specific mRNA strand. 3. cleaves RNA into fragments 4. functions in the translation of proteins 5. are sequences that increase gene expression