1) Describe the five basic mechanisms of antibiotic action against bacterial cells. Give examples of drugs that are used in each category.

2) In many instances, resistance builds to antibiotics over time. Describe at least seven ways this resistance develops

Each of the following bacterial lifestyles exposes the bacteria to an environment that requires special evolutionary adaptations to survive. In each case, explain what adaptations were required for the bacteria to live in that environment, and describe how the adaptations allow survival.

A. Thermophiles

B. Microaerophiles

C. Alkalophiles

D. Halophiles

in badgers, fur color is inherited through simple autosomal inheritance, and black fur is dominant to white fur. A black badger is crossed with a white badger. In a cete of four kits, all of the kits are black. You have asked to draw a conclusion about the black badger. What is the best conclusion you can draw from this data? a. The black badger is definitely homozygous. b. the black badger is probably homozygous. c. the black badger is definitely heterozygous. d. the black badger is probably heterozygous. e. the genotype of the black badger cannot be inferred with this information.

Describe the role of specific proteins involved in the muscle contraction process.

Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. Based on your results and knowledge of cell envelope differences, would penicillin be more effective against S. aureus (purple) or E. coli (red)? Explain your rationale.

Describe the role of specific proteins involved in the muscle contraction process.

Describe the role of specific proteins involved in the muscle contraction process.

A corn breeder has a plant that is dominant for 4 traits that are known to assort independently (i.e. it’s phenotype is A_ B_ C_ D_). This plant has desirable properties, so the breeder wishes to determine its exact genotype. The breeder performs a test cross and obtains the following results in the F1 generation.

The glutamate side chain has a pKa of 4.4. Calculate the percentage of Glu that is unprotonated at a pH of 4.7.

You hypothesize that a group of tolerogenic cells is located in the fetal pancreas.

a. What method would you use to identify their location within the tissue?

b. What method would you use to quantify their abundance in the whole fetal pancreas based on their surface expression of protein A and Protein B and the absence of protein C?

Protein Code: 1CJY which is HUMAN CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOLIPASE A2.

Please go in depth about what the structural features are of the protein? (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

a. You start a culture of stem cells and you use a protocol to differentiate them into beta cells. To make sure they are truly beta cells.
First you want to check whether the insulin gene is expressed at higher levels in the differentiated vs. the undifferentiated cells. What methods that we studies would you use and describe the step by step procedure.

b. Then you want to demonstrate that they secrete insulin when you place glucose in their culture media. What methods that we studies would you use and describe the step by step procedure.

c. Finally, you want to show that inside differentiated cells insulin is located within secretory vesicles and quantify in which percentage of the cells. What methods that we studies would you use and describe the step by step procedure.

Explain how can changing one base in a segment of DNA can make a protein incapable of carrying out its biological role.

list and discuss the management options that a farmer can use to enable the herd to improve its energy intake?

Explain how the composition of milk from a human differs to that of milk from a whale. What are the likely reasons for these differences?

one of the major limitations of a pasture-based dairy system is feed intake. Using the knowledge that you have gained from lectures and the tutorial to describe why this is the case?

When researches incubate whole red blood cells with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and radioactive iodine I 125 and then separate the proteins in SDS gel, several radioactive lines are obtained cause iodine binds to prominent tyrosine and histidine residues outside the cell membrane.
When researches incubate whole red blood cells with galactose oxidase and reduce them with sodium borohydride that contains tritium (H-BH43) several radioactive lines are obtained which are just some of the proteins that have been marked with radioactive iodine , thus galactose residues stand out of the cell. 
a) Explain the difference in the number of proteins obtained in the two experiments above
b) Why the results of the second experiment do not reflect mark of all the sugars in the membrane? 
c) What results will be obtained if we conduct an experiment identical to that described in the question but with inverse vesicles (these are closed vesicles containing all membrane components but where the outer leaf of the membrane turns inward and inward leaf outward)?