Microbiology

1. Which type of phage infection can cause specialized transduction?

2. When protein synthesis initiates, does the first tRNA bind in the A-site, E-site, or P-site of the ribosome?

3. TRUE OR FALSE: A persistent viral infection that continuously produces infectious viral particles is called a CHRONIC infection.

Describe the theory of endosymbiosis

A) Genes A, B, and C are linked as shown below. A and B are 10 m.u. apart, while B and C are 20 m.u. apart. All dominant alleles are on one homologue and all recessive alleles are on the other homologue. Which genotype and probability is correct for no crossing over?

B) Genes A, B, and C are linked as shown below. A and B are 10 m.u. apart, while B and C are 20 m.u. apart. All dominant alleles are on one homologue and all recessive alleles are on the other homologue. Out of 1,000 total offspring, you expect 20 offspring to come from a double crossover, but you observe only 15 offspring. What is the interference?

theory 1

The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the giraffes kept trying to stretch their necks to reach leaves higher in the trees. As they stretched and stretched, their necks became longer. As their necks became longer, they were able to reach more food. Those ancestral giraffes survived to reproduce, while the giraffes that had not stretched their necks died. The offspring of giraffes with stretched necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks.

Theory 2

The ancestors of giraffes had short necks, and there was great competition for the plant food near the ground. Some of the ancestral giraffes naturally had slightly longer necks than others. The individuals with longer necks could reach leaves higher up in trees, and therefore could eat more food. Because those ancestral giraffes ate more food, they survived to produce offspring while the individuals with shorter necks did not. The offspring of giraffes with longer necks inherited the longer necks. This process continued for generation after generation. In this way, giraffes evolved with longer and longer necks.

a. In Theory 1, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer?

b. In Theory 2, what caused the giraffe neck to become longer?

c. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 1? Explain.

d. According to what scientists now know about genes, could the giraffes’ offspring have inherited longer necks as described in Theory 2? Explain.

e. Which of the two theories matches Darwin’s theory of evolution? Explain.

1. A control group is ____________.
   1. A standard against which experimental groups are compared
   2. Identical to experimental groups except for one variable
   3. A standard with several variables against which an experimental group is compared
   4. Both a and b

2. A specific aspect of an object or event that may change over time or change among individuals is a ___________.
   1. Control group
   2. Experimental group
   3. Variable
   4. Sampling error

3. The fewer the number of individuals from a population that are chosen at random for an experimental group, ______________.
   1. The greater the chance of sampling error
   2. The smaller the chance of sampling error
   3. The less likely the differences among them will distort the test results

4. Match the terms with the most suitable descriptions.

_______adaptive trait a. statement of what you should find in nature if you were to go   

                                                              looking for it.

_______natural selection b. proposed explanation; educated guess

_______scientific theory c. improves chances to survive and reproduce in prevailing   

                   environment

              _______hypothesis d. related set of hypotheses that form a broadly useful, testable

                                                                             explanation

              _______prediction e. outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among

                                                                             individuals that differ in details of one or more traits

Regulation of GNG and glycolysis

1. Describe how high energy charge favors gluconeogenesis over glycolysis based on the ratio of [ATP]/[AMP] of high energy charge and allosteric regulation (McKee page 298).
2. Describe how low energy charge measured by low ratio of [ATP]/[AMP] inhibits the rate of GNG based on allosteric regulation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase by AMP.
3. Compare the rates of GNG and glycolysis in a liver cell with low energy charge based on allosteric regulation.
4. Differentiate between the blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon hormones based on the period after a carbohydrate meal
5. Differentiate between the blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon hormones based on fasting period
6. Differentiate between regulation by hormone and energy charge based on the time frame of the response
7. Differentiate between regulation by hormone and energy charge based on the locations in which hormones and allosteric effectors bind with respect to the cell
8. Describe how hormones regulate enzyme activity by phosphorylation based on a series of reactions that start with hormone binding (see video lecture).
9. Differentiate between stimulation of glycolysis and GNG based on a cell stimulated by insulin
10. Differentiate between stimulation of glycolysis and GNG based on a cell stimulated by glucagon.
11. Describe how increase in oxaloacetic acid (OAA) concentration stimulates glycolysis based on Le Chatelier’s principle.

What is meant by “the importance of place” in early American science?

A population has the following data:

Genotype Number

AA 65

Aa 5

aa 25

A) Calculate the allelic frequency for the A allele.

B) Calculate the allelic frequency for the a allele.

C) Calculate the expected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic frequency for AA.

D) Calculate the expected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic frequency for Aa.

E) Calculate the expected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic frequency for aa.

F)Convert the expected frequency of AA into total number of people with AA.

G)Convert the expected frequency of Aa into total number of people with Aa.

H)Convert the frequency the expected frequency of aa into total number of people with aa.

I) Do a Chi-square test to determine if the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What is your hypothesis?

J)Do a Chi-square test to determine if the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What is your X² value?

K) Degree of Freedom Value?

L) What is the probability?

M) What is your conclusion?

Gene therapy consist of

DNA transcription is

DNA sequencing is a method

Summarize sensory information is processed in plants...please include the following

• Describe the processes by which sensory cells receive and transduce external signals

• Describe how signals are transmitted within plants

• Describe how cells produce a response

• Give an example of a specific stimulus and how it is processed into a response to support your answer

You are a field researcher for the CDC. You and your lab partner have been sent to an area to quantitatively analyze a set of samples believed to contain pathological bacterial contaminants.

On a separate sheet of paper, write (NEATLY) or type the procedure you used to quantitatively analyze the given bacterial suspension. Include steps in the procedure and materials used (5.5 pts). Be organized, logical, and neat in documentation of this information.

Write your results. Show your work. No Work No Credit (1.5 pts).

Total Count = _________

Viable Count = _______

% Viability = _______

The amount of 250 CFU per 0.01 ml is considered harmful to humans and other animals. If your sample contains close to or more than an excessive amount of bacterial contaminant, what can be done to decrease the numbers of bacteria without harming humans or animals (3pts). How would you know if your method of decreasing the numbers of this potentially harmful bacteria? * Hint* What needs to decrease? Total Count or Viable Count? Why?

1. Name five differences between mitosis and meiosis.

2. During meiosis, which two processes occur that can increase genetic variation in the gametes?

A.      independent assortment and crossing over

B.    crossing over and cytokinesis

C.    separation of the sister chromatids in Anaphase I and cytokinesis

D.    independent assortment and cytokinesis

E.    cytokinesis and sexual reproduction

In Cats, Short Hair (H) is dominant to , Long hair (h). Tabby (T) is dominant to , Stripless (t). Normal, no colorpoint (N) is dominant to, Colorpoint (n).

I. A homozygous short hair, homozygous stripeless cat and a homozygous long hair, homozygous tabby cat have kittens.

a. Draw the Punnett Square (4x4 square).

b. What is the phenotype ratio?____________________________

c. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair and be stripeless? _____________

II. A heterozygous tabby, heterozygous normal cat and a homozygous stripeless, homozygous colorpoint cat have kittens.

a. Draw the Punnett Square (4x4 square).

b. What is the phenotype ratio?____________________________

c. What percentage of the offspring will be tabby and colorpoint? _____________

d. What percentage of the offspring will have stripeless and normal? _______________

III. A solid colored, short-haired female rabbit (ssHH) is mated to a spotted, long-haired male rabbit (SShh).

a. Draw the Punnett Square.

How many out of 16 will be expected to be spotted with long hair? ________________________

How many out of 16 will be expected to be spotted with short hair? ________________________