Part II: For the following questions, provide your response in short-answer format (3–5 sentences each). Use this Phase’s activities and resources to assist you in answering.

1.           How does the vegetation surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

2.           How does the smooth mountain rock surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

3.           How does the bare soil surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

4.           How does vegetation slow and prevent sediment loss?

5.           How does vegetation allow greater infiltration?

6.           How does pavement or smooth rock runoff affect waterways?

7.           How do heavy sediment deposits affect waterways?

8.           How does sediment loss affect land and soil quality?

Heart muscle contains a form of PFK-2/FBPase-2 that is different from that in liver. In heart muscle, phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2 by protein kinase A (also called cAMP-dependent protein kinase) activates PFK-2 and inhibits FBPase-2. Explain why this makes metabolic sense for a response of heart muscle to epinephrine. (Heart muscle cells have receptors for epinephrine, but not for glucagon.)

You have just eaten a raisin.  It is in your mouth now.  Where does it go from here?  Follow all the way through the digestive system

To try and determine what type of virus it is, you gathered the following information:

The capsid is surrounded by a plasma membrane that resembles that of an animal cell. After its genetic material is released into a host cell, the genetic information is used to produce mRNA through a process called transcription. From this mRNA, proteins are being produced making further use of the host's resources. When the assembled virus particles leave the cell, they destroy it.

What type of virus is this?

1. Describe the different functions of the conducting zone and respiratory zone and relate those to differences in their histology.

2. State whether hyperventilation and emphysema would raise or lower each of the following—the blood Po2, Pco2, and pH—and explain why.

Let’s say that a population has N individuals (2N alleles) in generation t. It suddenly undergoes a population expansion such that the t+1 generation has 100N individuals (i.e.200N alleles). How does this change the effective population size? What does this mean for the amount of drift in this new population?

Your colleague has isolated a mutant bacterial strain and found the dna 5x10^8 bp in length. she has asked you to do restriction mapping. you start by determining the base composition of the bacterium, and find that the bacteria consists of 24% Thymine and 26% Guanine. you plan on using the enzyme NOTI which recognizes the sequence 5'-GCGGCCGC-3'

a) How many fragments would you expect assuming that it occurs randomly throughout the genome

b)your colleague also provided several variants of her strain of bacteria. You test all of them and found differences in their respective banding pattern, in a simple statement, what could account for this?

Predict the function of the zebrafish gene represented by the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), EH489154. Your analysis should include information about any open reading frames (if any), protein domains (if any) and any other analyses you deem relevant.

[please be detailed]

Reactions require energy. The reaction that adds a new nucleoside to a growing chain of DNA requires energy as well. Where does this energy come fromWhat is the name of the enzyme involved in this process?

The enzyme named above only moves in what direction along the DNA strand? What consequences does this have on the other strand? What is an Okazaki fragment, and how are they later “glued” together?

What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA?

Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first in order to make protein from DNA?

In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA?

Where in the cell is mRNA synthesized? Where does it go after its synthesis?

Define codon.

What codon(s) signal the start and stop of protein synthesis?

In one sentence, explain what tRNA does.

What enzyme attaches the correct amino acid to each tRNA? Is there only one kind of this enzyme that works for all 20 different amino acids?

Define anticodon. Define translocation.

Why does protein synthesis end when the stop codon is encountered by the ribosome?

6.What type(s) of mutations are there between the BMD strand and the WT strands. What effects, if any, do you think these mutations have on the function of the dystrophin protein. Explain your reasoning. (Assume that the observed mutations ONLY affect the polypeptide sequence in this exon.)

Peas heterozygous for three independently assorting genes were intercrossed.

(example cross: Aa Bb Cc x Aa Bb Cc )

What proportion of the offspring will be homozygous for one gene and heterozygous for the other two?

(hint: apply binomial expansion equation)

1/4

3/8

1/8

3/16

1/2

already answered 1/4 and 1/2 and they were incorrect

Explain how resource partitioning may lead to the following two processes :

• modification of a population's realized niche
• speciation.

Summarize the Jared Diamond Ted talk,  how it relates to the book Psychology of Aging: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Describe the biosynthesis of human papillomavirus (HPV). Discuss the transcription of the virus genome into new virion particles. Make sure to include if your virus must package any special enzymes in order to be effective.

1. What Region of visible light spectrum yields the highest photosynthetic rates in spinach? What regions yield the lowest photosynthetic rates? How do you know? (See graph below)

2. 2. Green photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a and b) capture energy from a wide—but not the widest possible—region of the visible spectrum of light. What pigment color would enable plants to capture energy from almost the entire spectrum of visible light? Why, then, are most plants green? (see graph below)

3. 6. Describe the impact of green light, blue light, and DCMU on photosynthesis. Use data to support your answer.