list all of the phases and subclasses of the cell cycle. describe all cellular changes that...

list all of the phases and subclasses of the cell cycle. describe all cellular changes that occur during each.

Expert Solution

The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases Interphase ( G1, S and G2 phase) and Mitosis ( karyokinesis and cytokinesis). The advancement from one stage to another is tightly regulated and stringently monitored.

Interphase

G1 phase: In this phase, the cell increases in size. During this phase proteins and enzymes needed for DNA synthesis is prepared and regulated by the G1 checkpoint.
S phase: DNA replication starts during this phase and at the end of the S phase the cell contains double the amount of parental DNA and will be equally divided between the daughter cells.
G2 phase: The cell continues to grow during this phase. During this phase, the cell synthesizes all the necessary proteins for mitosis stage and is under the control of G2 checkpoint.

Mitosis: It can broadly be divided into two groups karyokinesis and cytokinesis taking place simultaneously.

Prophase:

The chromosome starts to confidence
Mitotic spindle formation starts as the centromere separate towards each pole. The spindle is made up of microtubules that help in organizing the chromosomes for segregation.
The nucleolus starts dissolving

Prometaphase

Chromosome becomes condensed
Nuclear membranes dissolves releasing the chromosome
Mitotic spindle grows more and starts attaching to chromosomes.

Metaphase

In this phase, the mitotic spindle captures all the chromosomes and line them up in the middle of the cell and is ready to divide.
The two kinetochore of each chromosome is attached to microtubules of the opposite poles.

Anaphase:

In Anaphase the sister chromatids are separated from each other and are pulled toward the opposite ends of the cells.
Microtubules which are not attached to chromosome are elongate and elongates the cell.

Telophase:

Telophase marks the end of the cell cycle and the division is about to end following by cytokinesis during which the cytoplasm is divided equally between the daughter cells.
The mitotic spindle is broken down into its constituents.
Nuclear membrane reforms.
Nucleolus starts appearing
Chromosome starts to condense

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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