a) Three nucleotides are inserted into a protein-encoding gene. The insertion occurs such that the mRNA transcript has an additional 3 bases (NOT a stop) right next to the stop codon (on the 5’ side). Which of the following will be the result?

b) Which of the following are consequences of encoding each amino acid using 3 nucleotides in the Genetic Code? (mre than one)

You want to use retroviruses to deliver DNA to a type of cells to promote certain phenotype. Before you start, you want to estimate the delivery efficiency. The cells are spread on a solid support and covered with an aqueous medium. The culture dish is 6 cm in diameter and the medium is 6 mm deep. You add the virus particle at the top of the medium. The virus has a half life of 8 hours in solution. The diffusion coefficient of the virus is 10^-7 cm²/s.

(a) Estimate the fraction of virus particles that reach cells within their half life when the medium is stagnant. Hints: (1) using scaling analysis to find out the time scale for the virus to diffuse from top to bottom; (2) assume death of the virus follows the kinetics of first order reactions.

(b) Comment on the efficiency of delivery. Suggest approach(es) to improve the delivery efficiency

1. Is the activity of penicillin dependent on bacterial cell division?

           a. Is it dependent on the type of cell wall (Gram +/Gram-)?

       b. How does osmotic environments influence the effects of penicillin activity on Gram + and Gram – cells?

1.     In the summer of 2016, a large anthrax outbreak struck Siberia. Dozens of people were hospitalized, and a 12-year-old boy died. It was determined that it was caused by a heat wave in the Arctic which thawed a thick layer of the permafrost, warming a bunch of reindeer carcasses. The animals had died of anthrax 70 years previously. How could this have led to the 2016 outbreak?

2.     If the reindeer had been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis instead do you believe that the same scenario might have occurred?

1.Write characteristics of Active transport with example.

2.What do you mean by exergonic and endergonic reactions? Explain with examples.

3.Briefly describe competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.

4.What is the effect of temperature, pH and salinity on enzymes?

1) How does cellular respiration impact the observed rate of photosynthesis on algae beads?

2) look up current ocean pH values. How do the current values compare to those from previous years? Considering Algae beads how does the chemistry of the indicator used in photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration work? Hypothesize why oceans are at their current pH. How is the pH of the ocean changing and why? How might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean?

Please answer all

2. Create a flowchart to represent each step in an infectious disease process.

3) List the patterns of transmission of communicable diseases.

4) Define healthcare-associated infection, listing the most common types, and the factors that influence the development of these infections

5) Explain the following terms associated with epidemiology:

Incidence

Endemic

Morbidity rate

Prevalence

Reportable disease

Mortality rate

Pandemic

Epidemic

A researcher administers sarin, which is known to block the effects of acetylcholinesterase. How would this affect the following?:

A. Acetylcholine levels in the synaptic cleft?

B. Acetylcholine levels in the presynaptic terminal?

C. Acetylcholine levels in the postsynaptic cell?

What are the general differences between granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and PAM? [etiological agent, progression, susceptibility]

Title:

An Experimental Test of the Effect Adult Marsh Rush Plants (J. maritimus) Have On Seed Germination in an Upper and Lower Marsh.

General Hypothesis:

The presence of marsh rush (Juncus maritimus, a species of plant) adults has a positive effect on seed germination in the lower marsh (where the soil is really wet and salty) but inhibits seed germination in the upper marsh.

Proposed Methods:

In this section, you should describe all the steps it will take to do the study and collect the data you need. It’s also important to justify why you are going to do the study the way you propose.

Make sure your ‘proposed methods’ section is as complete as possible, with information on how many treatments, controls, variables, sample sizes, replicates, etc. If your experimental design is complicated, I highly recommend making a table to show the different treatments, etc. Be sure to also include information about the timing of your study – when are you going to do this? How long will it take? How will you collect and analyze the data?​

After neurotransmitter release what are all the potential processes that neurotransmitter could experience? Include the two ways the neurotransmitter could be deactivated. What would happen if one of those mechanisms were not functioning?  

 Describe the relationship between functional groups and macromolecules.  Compare and contrast different types of isomeric compounds.  List the different kinds of biological macromolecules.  What is the special type of reaction that they all have in common to put them together? What about to breaks them apart?  Understand the relationship between amino acid sequence and their three-dimensional structure.  Know what makes the 20 different amino acids. Know the general structure of an amino acid.

What are the stages the membrane potential goes through during an action potential? Describe each stage in terms of the changes in sodium and potassium ions inside the cell. Name and describe the two types of refractory periods, and what, if anything would make a neuron fire during a refractory period.

Here you will be plotting results and commenting in written form. Hence, you must show your work in the form of some numbers, some plots, and some simple statements. You may write your answers out on a sheet of paper (pen/pencil & paper), do this in an electronic spreadsheet or word processing document. You may submit your work and answers electronically or turn it in physically before end of class (1:15 pm) on February 27, 2018. In discrete time, the logistic equation can be written (see the hint on Problem Set HW 2, question 3): where N is the population, our time is represented by “t” (let’s use days), K is the “carrying capacity”, r is the growth rate. Consider the growth of a population of bacteria. At initial time, N(0) = 0.2 bacteria. The net growth rate has a value, r = 1. Carrying capacity, K = 1. Don’t worry about the units here (you can think of them as fractions of 1000 individuals). You are going to plot out the population to the 30th day, starting at day 0. You can use a spreadsheet or your calculator and paper/pencil, or software like matlab (if you use that). There are many graphical software packages that can manage plotting this. a) What is the population on each day - plot this. b) Change the net growth rate to, r = 2. What is the population on each day – plot this. Is a pattern emerging? What would you call this pattern? c) Change the net growth rate to, r = 3. What is the population on each day – plot this. Is this pattern similar to b or different? What is happening to this population? Is it reaching carrying capacity, K? d) change the net growth rate to, r = 3.001 (a tiny change). Now what happens?