Predict how BOTH the ability to generate an action potential AND the shape of the action potential might change under the following conditions. Explain your answers.

-Decrease in extracellular K⁺ concentration

-Increase in number of Na⁺ leak channels

-Blocking of Na⁺/K⁺ATPase with ouabain

-Decrease in extracellular Na+ concentration

SAQ 4: Tissues

1          Explain the relationship between cells and tissues.

2          What is the definition of a meristem? Do any animals have Meristems?

3          What is the difference between primary and secondary growth in plants?

4          Complete the following chart using your knowledge of complex tissues.

5          Name the 3 primary meristems that develop from apical meristems and the structures that they will eventually produce.

6          Name the 2 Lateral meristems and the structures that they will eventually produce.

how to find genotype from an electro gram with base pairs

Pick a protein of interest.->insulin

Use the Blast tool to find protein homologs of your protein and submit blast search.

Use the multalign tool to align five of the homologs and submit alignment.

Identify conserved amino acids and regions of homology.

Find a PDB for your protein or one of the homologs. If your protein has not been examined structurally. (Start Again)

Use Jmol to evaluate your proteins 3D structure and answer the following questions.

How many subunits in your protein?

Does your protein have any cofactors or coenzymes?

How many amino acids residues in one of the subunits of your protein?

How many amino acids interact at the interface of the subunits of your protein?

Does your protein have an active site or ligand binding domain and what are the key amino in that region.  

At four UK hospitals, patients with severe asthma were screened for fungal sensitization by skin prick testing. those 3,610 who were positive by skin prick were randomized to one of two treatment regimens: 1,805 were assigned to take an antifungal agent in tablet form while 1,805 were assigned to take a similar looking placebo tablet. The primary end point was the development of a particular type of lung infection by 32 weeks. By the end of the study, 1,492 of those who had taken the antifungal agent had not developed the lung infection, whereas 1,064 of those who had taken the placebo had not developed the lung infection. There was no loss to follow-up and no censoring except for administrative censoring.

a) What is the study design?

b) Generate a contingency table:

c) Calculate the 32-week cumulative incidence for those exposed and unexposed to the antifungal agent, respectively. (CI= #new cases of disease during a given time period/total population at risk)

d) Calculate and interpret the risk ratio between exposed group and unexposed group. (RR= CI exposed/ CI unexposed)

Cholera toxin inhibits the Na+/K+ATPase activity of intestinal epithelial cells. Resulting with decreased uptake of glucose. Describe why inhibiting the Na/K+ ATPase pump affects glucose uptake in the intestine.

Wolves in the northern Rockies were protected as a threatened species until very recently. The last few years they were legally hunted in MT and ID. a. Why are people hunting wolves? b. Try to come up with one possible benefit of wolf hunting and one possible negative consequence. c. Do you agree or disagree with wolf hunting? Explain your reasoning.

7. For angiosperms, describe the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte in terms of nutritional dependence and size.

a. Is the gametophyte dependent on the sporophyte at any time during the life cycle? If so, explain how.

b. Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte at any time during the life cycle? Explain your answer.

c. Compare the relationship between the gametophyte and sporophyte in seedless plants and angiosperms. How does the relationship differ?

d. Can you think of any advantages to the relataionship in angiosperms?

while viewing a slide with the $X objective lens, you notice an interesting specimen and would like to zoom in on it. You switch to the 40X objective lens. However, your specimen is no longer seen in the field of view even after adjusting focus. What happened. How could you prevent this?

1) Discuss the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration.

2) give the balanced equation for the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule

3) Name 3 stages of cellular respiration. Outline where in the cell each stage occurs

4) In glycolysis, name the starting material, the end product, and the number of ATP and reduced NAD+ formed.

Look up the structures for vitamins A, D, and E. Compare them to a water-soluble vitamin, such as vitamin C. Given the structures for A, D, and E, why would these vitamins be attracted to lipids? Why does vitamin C prefer a hydrophilic environment? Finally, list one side effect from taking too much vitamin D for too long a period of time.

You are the parent of a child who is enrolled in an elementary school. You are discussing the controversial topic of vaccination with another parent, who argues against it. How do you respond? Support all your assertions with evidence.

Scientists argue that we are now in the 6th major extinction period, yet very few global extinctions have been documented in the past few hundred years. Explain a) two reasons for this apparent contradiction (2 points), and b) why this might not be a contradiction (2 points).