1. Describe the purpose of diffusion experiment.
2. Describe the purpose of osmosis experiment.
3. Describe the observation/results of the osmosis experiment.

There are many early evolutionary steps of photosynthetic organisms from the appearance of photosynthesis to various types of photosynthetic apparatus in the eukaryotic algae. Explain ten steps and how each advances a certain set of organisms.

1. What does the position of the testis tell you about spermatogenesis? Can you follow the path that sperm take as they exit the testis? Trace the vas deferens as it passes by the male accessory glands. What does the placement of these glands tell you about their contribution to the seminal fluid?

2.  Is the morphology of the spermatozoa the same as that of the human? Why do you think that sperm head morphology may differ among organisms? What is the chromosome number of the different stages of spermatogenesis (eg., haploid or diploid?). Can you see an organization in the seminiferous epithelium – how does this relate to the stages of meiosis?

3. Does the structure of the seminal vesicles appear amenable for sperm storage? Why or why not?

What are the predominant determinants of the EPP onset and duration following a presynaptic action potential?

Retrieve the gene sequence of mitochondrial ATPase subunit 6 from Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa). Draw a dotplot against the homologous gene from sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and dogfish.

explain "dynamic" continuity in endoskeleton and endomembrane system

Puromycin is a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis. It is an analog of the 3’ end of aminoacyl tRNA. When puromycin is added to a cell-free system containing all the necessary machinery for protein synthesis, incomplete polypeptide chains are released from ribosomes. Each such chain has py y uromycin covalently attached to one end.

a) Explain these results.

b) To which end of the polypeptide chains would you expect the puromycin to be bound? Explain fully.

c) Would you expect puromycin to bind to the A or P site on the ribosome, or to both? Explain fully.

1) The DF508 allele, which causes cystic fibrosis in homozygotes, occurs at a frequency (0.02) in European populations that exceeds the background mutation rate in humans. This suggests that what process might be maintaining this relatively high allele frequency?

Select one:

a. Mutation

b. Drift

c. Selection

d. None of the above

2)

Which of the following could be used to differentiate two populations?

Select one:

a. Geography

b. Allele frequencies

c. Barriers to dispersal

d. All of the above

3) Migration between populations tends to ______ allele frequencies.

Select one:

a. homogenize / make the same

b. differentiate / make different

4) Given enough time, drift alone will tend to do what to genetic diversity in a population?

Select one:

a. Increase

b. Decrease

c. Maintain

5)

Which of the following processes will be intensified in small populations (i.e., will change allele frequencies in fewer generations)?

Select one:

a. Genetic drift

b. Selection

c. Migration

d. All of the above

Explain the key conditions for adequate bone development and maintenance.

Stem cells are currently being used to treat some forms of agerelated

macular degeneration (AMD). When placed in the retina,

these unspecialized cells divide and assume the roles of the

damaged retinal cells. How might stem cell therapy be used to treat

damage to other senses, such as noise-related damage to hearing?

What would be some challenges to this approach?

Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers’ efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes. Should genes be patented? Why or why not?

What phenotypes would you predict for a bacterium with a mutation in cheA (kinase)? Explain the reasons for the expected phenotypes such as presence of chemotactic​ reactions, motility, or movement such as swimming, tumbling or both.