In the Lesser Pahoa Kipuka Chicken population, the frequency of individuals born without bones is 1/2500 individuals. Assuming that only half of the individuals homozygous recessive for the "boneless" allele survive to reproductive maturity, determine both the selection coefficient (s) as well as the mutation rate (µ) required to explain the persistence of the allele in the population due to mutation-selection balance.

s=_____

µ =____x 10^-4

Please show work.

) GWAS have shown that:

a) common SNPs usually have a small effect on common, complex disease risk

b) rare SNPs can have a big effect on common, complex disease risk

c) risk of common, complex diseases can be accurately predicted using common SNPs

d) genetic risk factors are not important in common, complex diseases

e) the best strategy to identify genetic risk variants in common, complex disease is whole exome sequence

please explore the rate of formation of ATP and number of mitochondria varies in different cell types.

) In complex disorders, genetic susceptibility can be supported by:

a) twin studies and adoption studies

b) genome wide association studies

c) linkage analysis

d) whole exome or whole genome sequence studies

e) all of the above

The comammox bacteria play a role in nitrification and therefore in the nitrogen cycle. Other microbes, with distinct ecological niches, also participate in the nitrogen cycle. The metabolic reactions involving nitrogen that bacteria perform include: nitrogen fixation (N₂ → NH₃), nitrification (NH₃ → NO₃^- or NO₂^-), and denitrification (NO₃^- or NO₂^- → NO, N₂O, and N₂), all of which make up the nitrogen cycle. Each of these reactions is carried out by a unique set of microorganisms with a distinct ecological niche.

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

In a populaiton of Southwestern Jackalopes, you obseve the following numbers of genotypes for the A locus:

AA = 10

Aa = 15

aa = 5

Given these amounts, what are the genotype and allele frequencies in this population? (please round to 2 significant figures)

p² =

2pq =

q²=

p =

q =

Assuming the AA genotype has a fitness of 0.5 (W_AA = 0.5), what are the expected allele and genotype frequencies in the next generation?

p =

q =

p²=

2pq=

q²=

Did out population of Southwestern Jackalopes evolve? (yes or no)

Most antimicrobials that arrest protein function are non-selective as to the microbes they affect. Why are they non-selective to the ones they affect? can you give a detailed explanation?

It is always good to have an assay where something happens. For example red pH paper that just remains red in acid is unsatisfactory. How can you make Ph paper which is green and then turns red when put in acid solution? how can you make red pH paper?

how would you make anthocyanin pH paper with a greater amount of pigment than just plain soaking and drying? how could you make it dark?

describe microcephaly clinically and what are other infections from it? 100 or more words please.

1. Exposure/dose:

a. Define and discuss the significance and differences between exposure-response evaluation and dose-response assessment.

b. Give an example of how each would be used.

2. Define the following terms and describe how they are used.

a. RfD

b. RfC

c. NOAEL

d. LOAEL

e. MDD

3. Formaldehyde is a chemical that has been known to be present in certain types of flooring.

a. List the chemical properties of formaldehyde.

b. List the physical properties of formaldehyde

c. List the toxicological properties of formaldehyde.

d. What are the pathway(s) of exposure to formaldehyde as a result of its use in interior finishes and the risks that people may be exposed to, if any.

A 50 year old male is seen in his physician’s office for a routine checkup. His spleen shows enlargement and his blood work shows hemolytic anemia with bilirubinemia. His wife states the patient has been “off” lately for no apparent reason. He tends to have muscle pulsations in the afternoon to late evening that do not stop until he goes to sleep. Additional blood work is ordered along with a type and screen. His haptoglobin levels are decreased, and his physician orders two units of packed RBCs. His antibody screen results show he has a weakened expression of Kell antigens.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

You are given 5mL of 3mg/mL protein solution. You are asked to prepare samples for SDS-PAGE containing 250ng, 500ng, 750ng, and 1000ng. Your pipettes are calibrated to 2uL at the lower limit. Your total volume is 20uL, with 5uL being your loading buffer. How would you prepare these samples?