Describe a scenario where selection occurs on a trait, but there is no evolutionary change.

Consider a comparison of two cladistic analyses aimed at reconstructing the phylogeny of a particular set of mammalian species. One of these studies used Y-chromosome sequences and the other used mtDNA sequences, and both studies successfully avoided the problems associated with homoplasy. Explain why the species trees estimated by these studies would likely be very similar, despite the fact that these data sets were generated by lineage histories that do not contain ANY individuals in common (Y-chromosomes evolve thru males only, while mtDNA evolves thru females only)?

Given the warming climate, you are interested in how seed production of a certain plant species if affected by temperature. In particular, you are interested in whether seed production shows a plastic response to temperature, and, if so, whether there is the possibility for adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change. Please describe the steps that would be needed to demonstrate there is the capacity for adaptive evolution in the population you are studying.

In 2002, Trask et al. published a study showing that a high frequency of HIV transmissions in Lusaka, Zambia occurred between marriage partners. Specifically, they studied a cohort of married couples where, at the beginning of the study, one partner was infected and the other was not. Later, the uninfected partner became infected. If you were doing this study, how could you use phylogenetic methods to determine whether the newly infected individual was likely infected by his/her partner? Briefly describe your study design and results that would support and results that would refute (you can use drawings if you wish) the partner-partner transmission scenario.

Use the PopSet (population study data sets) in ENTREZ to retrieve coding sequence (CDS) of amylase-related gene (amyrel) generated for Drosophila yakuba by Cariou et al. (2001). You should retrieve 5 Drosophila yakuba sequences from different population strains. ***Make sure all your sequences are Drosophila yakuba.***

(a) Report the GenBank accession numbers.

(b) Align coding regions of the 5 sequences. Which alignment software did you use?

(c) Look at the first 200 bases of the alignment. Count the numbers of segregating sites(K), the numbers of segregating sites per sites (k), and nucleotide diversity (π).

You isolate a new drug that seems to kill bacteria. To understand the mechanism of the bacterial death, you do two experiments where you grow the bacteria in the presence of either radiolabeled methionine or radiolabeled uracil and then resolve the proteins or RNA as appropriate. Although the signal for the radiolabeled RNA stays constant in both treated and untreated samples, the amount of radiolabeled proteins is reduced in the treated sample.

A. Hypothesize how the drug is killing the bacteria.

B. After doing further experiments, you find that the drug has a very high affinity for the RNA sequence 5’-ACCUCC. Would you use this drug to treat human patients? Explain your answer.

Question 1

a) State the hypothesis in your own words and what is the general research question or topic adressesed by the authors

b) Before the experiments what are 2 possible mechansims for DEET reception that the authors could consider

c) Outline why the authors think their research question is significant

www.pnas.org/content/pnas/111/46/16592.full.pdf

There are many environmental factors that may lead to cancer. Keeping that in mind, please answer the following questions. a. Describe two types of environmental factors that are considered carcinogens. Make certain to clearly describe the mechanism of action for their carcinogenic properties. b. Howdoesthebodyrepairtheabovementionedcarcinogens’ damages? Make certain to describe the repair mechanism in detail.

Environments and climates vary dramatically across the Earth. In this prompt, I want you to choose either your current location or a home location that you have lived at in the past.

Describe in detail that location regarding its climate.

In particular for each of these explain:

Relative to the equator and what seasons are experienced

Effect experienced due to Hadley cells

Air circulation pattern

Name the nearest currents and their effects

Most traditional chemotherapy drugs for cancer fall into 4 main categories. a. Whatarethe4categoriesandhowdotheirmechanismof action differ from one another? b. Explain 2 reasons why a physician may choose one class of chemotherapy drugs over another. c. Describe 2 general side effects one might find with the administration of chemotherapy drugs and explain why those side effects may manifest.