1.Even when the activation energy is lowered, endergonic reactions are not spontaneous. What else can enzymes do that causes endergonic reactions to go forward?

2.It is usually very important for eukaryotic cells to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. However, no transport proteins for these molecules exist in the membrane. Why?

3.How does the glucose cotransporter force glucose to move up its concentration gradient and into the cell?

Why is it argued that biological races do not exist and that race is, instead, a social construct?  

Given the expression profile of CFTR (tissues in which it is normally expressed) in non-affected individuals and what you know about CFTR function and membrane transport, how would dysfunctional CFTR lead to each of the following common cystic fibrosis symptoms? Use proper terms and include specific information relevant to membrane transport in your explanations.

a.Thickened mucus of the lungs, pancreas, and GI tract

b.Increased bacterial infections of the lungs

c. Poor growth and malnutrition

The authors identify a number of IFNg-stimulated genes in their study. They identify 3 genes they suggest are novel because no one has previously shown that these genes have a role in viral control of (-)RNA viruses. Choose one of these genes, identify its function, and speculate as to how it may control viral replication.

http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005263

a) Pick a type of Analytic study and explain it (what is it, how do you set it up, what are you looking for, how is it run), and please give an example or 2....hypothetical's are fine to use. Please provide reference

Tetrodotoxin and lidocaine are both drugs that cause local analgesia or numbness where applied to the skin.  Explain this outcome, with reference to the effects on membrane potentials, ion flux and overall neuronal activity. Would you predict that these drugs could affect other neurons than just those mediating cutaneous sensation? If so, how? If not, why not?

In the human heart, how and why the diastole of 4 chambers occur? *Elaborate diastole of heart*

Could you explain in details cardiac cycle and specifically in the pressure difference between chambers?

A student is a lab isolated DNA from a transgenic mouse, a model used to study heart failure and wanted to perform the following:

1- Amplify DNA
2- Clone the gene of interest
3- Sequence the sequence of the gene that causes heart failure
What does he need to do for each step

You are on a jury in which a potential murderer was identified by a fingerprint, how would you feel about this identification compared to an identification made through DNA? What are the similarities and the differences?

​Why is the RNA genome of poliovirus by itself "infectious" when transfected into a host cell? EXPLAIN thoroughly!

1. "The Black Death serves as a major turning point in the history of European civilization." Discuss this statement in the context of late-medieval economics, social relations, popular religion, and art. (in own words)

​Is the replication strategy of Sindbis virus similar/different from poliovirus? Explain thoroughly!

In the Lesser Pahoa Kipuka Chicken population, the frequency of individuals born without bones is 1/2500 individuals. Assuming that only half of the individuals homozygous recessive for the "boneless" allele survive to reproductive maturity, determine both the selection coefficient (s) as well as the mutation rate (µ) required to explain the persistence of the allele in the population due to mutation-selection balance.

s=_____

µ =____x 10^-4

Please show work.

) GWAS have shown that:

a) common SNPs usually have a small effect on common, complex disease risk

b) rare SNPs can have a big effect on common, complex disease risk

c) risk of common, complex diseases can be accurately predicted using common SNPs

d) genetic risk factors are not important in common, complex diseases

e) the best strategy to identify genetic risk variants in common, complex disease is whole exome sequence

please explore the rate of formation of ATP and number of mitochondria varies in different cell types.