Ubiquitination relies on 3 enzymes E1, which activate ubiquitin; E2, which are the conjugating enzymes, and E3 enzymes, which help guide the E2 enzymes to specific substrates. In any given cell there are just a couple types of E1 enzymes, several types of E2 enzymes that partner with small subsets of E3 enzymes, and even more types of E3 enzymes, which bind with small subsets of specific protein substrates. Given this information, which of these mutations would you hypothesize to be the most harmful to a cell?"

1) Which of the worms (flatworms, roundworms, or earthworms) shows segmentation? What are the advantages of having a segmented body?

2) Describe the adaptations that have allowed squid to evolve a predatory, highly active lifestyle.

How does the stomata control transpiration in plants?

a) Three nucleotides are inserted into a protein-encoding gene. The insertion occurs such that the mRNA transcript has an additional 3 bases (NOT a stop) right next to the stop codon (on the 5’ side). Which of the following will be the result?

b) Which of the following are consequences of encoding each amino acid using 3 nucleotides in the Genetic Code? (mre than one)

You want to use retroviruses to deliver DNA to a type of cells to promote certain phenotype. Before you start, you want to estimate the delivery efficiency. The cells are spread on a solid support and covered with an aqueous medium. The culture dish is 6 cm in diameter and the medium is 6 mm deep. You add the virus particle at the top of the medium. The virus has a half life of 8 hours in solution. The diffusion coefficient of the virus is 10^-7 cm²/s.

(a) Estimate the fraction of virus particles that reach cells within their half life when the medium is stagnant. Hints: (1) using scaling analysis to find out the time scale for the virus to diffuse from top to bottom; (2) assume death of the virus follows the kinetics of first order reactions.

(b) Comment on the efficiency of delivery. Suggest approach(es) to improve the delivery efficiency

1. Is the activity of penicillin dependent on bacterial cell division?

           a. Is it dependent on the type of cell wall (Gram +/Gram-)?

       b. How does osmotic environments influence the effects of penicillin activity on Gram + and Gram – cells?

1.     In the summer of 2016, a large anthrax outbreak struck Siberia. Dozens of people were hospitalized, and a 12-year-old boy died. It was determined that it was caused by a heat wave in the Arctic which thawed a thick layer of the permafrost, warming a bunch of reindeer carcasses. The animals had died of anthrax 70 years previously. How could this have led to the 2016 outbreak?

2.     If the reindeer had been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis instead do you believe that the same scenario might have occurred?

1.Write characteristics of Active transport with example.

2.What do you mean by exergonic and endergonic reactions? Explain with examples.

3.Briefly describe competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.

4.What is the effect of temperature, pH and salinity on enzymes?

1) How does cellular respiration impact the observed rate of photosynthesis on algae beads?

2) look up current ocean pH values. How do the current values compare to those from previous years? Considering Algae beads how does the chemistry of the indicator used in photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration work? Hypothesize why oceans are at their current pH. How is the pH of the ocean changing and why? How might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean?

Please answer all

2. Create a flowchart to represent each step in an infectious disease process.

3) List the patterns of transmission of communicable diseases.

4) Define healthcare-associated infection, listing the most common types, and the factors that influence the development of these infections

5) Explain the following terms associated with epidemiology:

Incidence

Endemic

Morbidity rate

Prevalence

Reportable disease

Mortality rate

Pandemic

Epidemic

A researcher administers sarin, which is known to block the effects of acetylcholinesterase. How would this affect the following?:

A. Acetylcholine levels in the synaptic cleft?

B. Acetylcholine levels in the presynaptic terminal?

C. Acetylcholine levels in the postsynaptic cell?

What are the general differences between granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and PAM? [etiological agent, progression, susceptibility]