Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Be able to complete a table: prokaryotes in the first column, eukaryotes in the second column and rows listing different organelles or characteristics.

Doctors have not been able to find a mutation in the rna polymerase gene. Why is that?

Treatment of mycobacterial infections generally entails a four- to nine-month antibiotic regimen. How is the length of treatment connected to the fact that mycobacterial species tend to grow very slowly?

" In a synapse between two neurons, a postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft. "

True

False

QUESTION 17

Which neuron would stimulate a muscle contraction?

QUESTION 18

Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?

QUESTION 19

Which neuron is never myelinated?

QUESTION 20

" In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord?"

QUESTION 21

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

True

False

QUESTION 22

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

True

False

QUESTION 23

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.

True

False

QUESTION 24

In myelinated axons the charge propagation through the myelinated internodal regions occurs via passive charge diffusion only and the signal degrades over distance.

True

False

QUESTION 25

A single postsynaptic potential in a neuron not usually large enough to trigger an action potential.

True

False

QUESTION 26

" An action potential traveling toward a synapse opens calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane."

True

False

QUESTION 27

Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity.

True

False

QUESTION 28

"If the membrane potential at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold level, an action potential will be produced."

True

False

QUESTION 29

Acetylcholine is actively transported from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post - synaptic membrane.

True

False

QUESTION 30

The area between the pre-synaptic nerve cell and the post-synaptic muscle cell is termed the synaptic cleft.

True

False

QUESTION 31

Receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane that bind the neurotransmitter are voltage-gated.

True

False

QUESTION 32

"Their methods are different, but ____________ in the CNS and ____________ in the PNS perform similar functions."

QUESTION 33

Which glial cells behave much like certain leukocytes?

QUESTION 34

In terms of nerve impulse conduction, unmyelinated is to ____________ as myelinated is to ____________.

QUESTION 35

An action potential involves ____________ across a neuron's plasma membrane.

QUESTION 36

"At a chemical synapse, ____________ are found only in the plasma membrane of the ____________ cell."

QUESTION 37

With regard to control of muscle cells and glands, ____________ is to involuntary as ____________ is to voluntary.

QUESTION 38

Increased dietary intake of vitamin B12Êand ____________ during pregnancy can dramatically reduce the incidence of neural tube defects such as ____________.

QUESTION 39

Which statement about synapses between neurons is FALSE?

QUESTION 40

The region of the brain containing commissural fibers crossing between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the _________.

True or false?

True False  In cell membranes, cholesterol decreases membrane fluidity below the transition temperature, but increases membrane fluidity above the transition temperature.
True False  Escherichia coli cells grown at 40°C would be expected to have a lower percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes than cells grown at 20°C.
True False  If a sphingolipid contains sialic acid (a.k.a. neuraminic acid) in its oligosaccharide headgroup, the headgroup will have a new negative charge of minus one.
True False  Groups lining the pores of transport proteins form weak non-covalent interactions with solute molecules that replace the water molecules that normally hydrate the solute.
True False  In active transport, the transported species moves across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
True False  Myristoyl, palmitoyl, and farnesyl groups anchor otherwise soluble proteins to the extracytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane.
True False  Triacylglycerols have three ester-linked phosphoryl groups that can in turn be ester-linked to serine, choline, ethanolamine, or inositol.
True False  In an amphipathic alpha helix, non-polar amino acid side chains face one side of the helix, and polar uncharged side chains face the other side.

Using DNase footprinting, show that the sigma subunit of prokaryotic RNA Pol binds to nucleotides from -35 to -10 in the promoter region.

a. Outline your experiment and draw and label the data. Explain how your data support this conclusion.   

b. Show and label the data for a similar experiment done using DMS footprinting rather than DNase foot printing. Explain how your data support this conclusion.  You do NOT have to write out the experiment again.

Let's begin with an overview of urine formation. What exactly is urine? How can it be used as a diagnostic tool? What does urine from a healthy person contain? How can urine contents be used as an indicator of health or disease?

Trace your way from the electron transport chain to the citric acid cycle. In a few sentences, explain why the citric acid cycle stops when the electron transport chain is completely inhibited.

1)Cell walls are rigid and resist expansion, which allows the pressure to build inside a cell when it absorbs water. The force exerted by pressing water against the cell wall is called [BLANK1], which is a key feature that allows plants to stand upright.

2)Prokaryotes concentrate DNA in a discrete region of the cell interior known as the BLANK . They often contain additional small circular molecules of DNA known as BLANK that carry a small number of genes that are commonly transferred between bacteria through thread-like hollow structures known as BLANK . Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred, which accounts for the quick spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations.

3)The [1BLANK] is a rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some organisms to help maintain the cell shape and volume and also functions in support and protection.

4)

The shape of the phospholipid structure is determined by the bulkiness of the head group relative to that of the hydrophobic tail. Lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic fatty acid tail forms  spherical structures called what?

5)The BLANK and BLANK are both semi-autonomous organelles that grow and multiply independently and contain their own genomes.

6)Protein sorting is a process by which proteins end up where they need to be to perform their function.  Proteins produced by free ribosomes are often directed to their proper cellular compartments by means of particular amino acids called signal sequences.

Match the type of signal sequence used in the making of proteins that direct them to the correct cellular destination.

1)Why would you predict that an animal cell, but not a plant cell, might burst when placed in a hypotonic solution?

2)If a bowl of fresh strawberries is sprinkled with sugar, a few minutes later the berries will be covered with juice. Why?

A. Sugar is causing water to move out of the cells. The water mixing with the sugar will form the juice

B. Strawberries contain enzymes to break down the sugar to release the water in the sugar, which mixes with the water on the outside of the strawberries to form the juice

C. Sugar is moving inside the strawberry cells and mixing with the water inside and the juices are leaking out as the cells cannot hold the fluid

D. Sugar is causing the all the strawberry cells to breakdown and release the juice

3)Grocery store owners will frequently spray fresh fruits and vegetables with water to prevent them from wilting or drying out. This loss of water is called what in plants?

A. Turgor pressure

B. Isotonic tonicity

C. Plasmolysis

D. Hypotonic tonicity

4)Strong cell walls and water-filled vacuoles help maintain [1] to help plants to stand upright.

5)For the egg experiment, explain how the tonicity changed when the unshelled egg went into a corn syrup solution and when the egg went into the colored water solution. Describe what was happening in relation to osmosis.

The Sacramento area was founded on the prospect of gold. Gold discovery in nearby Coloma brought countless people west with hopes of richer days and better choices for their families. In collaboration with a local merchant Sam Brannan, John Sutter and his family founded the city of Sacramento in 1848. In April of 1849, the population of the area was estimated at 150 people. By October of the same year, the population grew to a whopping 6,000 people (Wiegand, 1998). In mid-October of 1850 it is reported that a riverboat named the “New World” arrived in the area with a single passenger carrying the deadly cholera disease. As a result of exposure to cholera, reports indicated that within three weeks 800 people died of the disease. Many of those that perished are buried in a common grave located at the Old City Cemetery located at 1000 Broadway Street in Sacramento. Approximately 80 physicians were working during the time of the cholera outbreak, and 17 died from cholera within a year after initial exposure (Old City Cemetery, 2005). What type of outbreak is this? Explain and include aspects of how exposure occurred, description of whether it is epidemic, pandemic, or endemic, type of exposure etc.

(a)The total water potential of an algal cell is -1.7MPa and solute potential within the cell is -2.6 MPa. The algal cell is placed in a large volume of 0.95 Molar sucrose solution at 20 celcius. will the water potential of the algal cell change? If so, what will be the new water potential? If solute potential does not change , what will be the new pressure potential?

(B) After the algal cell had equilibrated to the 0.95 Molar sucrose solution, it was then transferred to a larger volume of a 0.4 Molar NaCl solution at 30 celcius.What will be the new water potential of the algal cell after equilibrium? If solute potential does not change,, what will be the new pressure potential?

1. What are the intracellular junctions in plants and what do they do?

2.What are the intracellular junctions in animals and what do they do?

3.Why does a larger cell have to work harder to bring materials in and out of the cells.

4.Please draw a animal and plant cell with all organelles and write down what each
organelle does.