What does cell theory say?

What are the four functions of cellular reproduction?

T/F Sexual reproduction requires 2 parents

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

How many parents in Asexual reproduction?

Do the offspring in Asexual reproduction vary in traits or are they clones?

Generally Meiosis and Mitosis divide what part of the cell?

What is Cytokinesis?

Meiosis is for ___reproduction and Mitosis is for ____ reproduction?

“Supercoiling” is the process of what?

Small protein that DNA wraps around?

Do chromosomes form before or after the cell enters mitosis?

How is the chromosome structured?

Sister chromatids form when the chromosome ____

Sister chromatids contain what when compared to each other?

The lifetime of a cell or time between cell divisions refers to what?

What is interphase?

What is M phase?

Which phase do the chromosomes duplicate?

Which phase does the cell spend most of its lifetime and approximately how long?

What is the mitotic spindle?

What is a centriole and what is its function?

Centrioles are located inside what?
Where does the mitotic spindle grow out of?

Duplicate chromosomes and duplicated centrosomes would mark the end of what?

A tumor grows from what?

What is a malignant tumor?

What is a benign tumor?

Cancer cells divide very ____ because they ____

What type of tumors will invade healthy tissue?

What is metastasis?

What is a secondary tumor?

3 treatments for cancer are?
Chemotherapy will kill 4 types of cells what are they?

An example of mistake during meiosis would include what?

When there is a mistake during meiosis what usually happens?

Trisomy 21 is also what?

What is nondisjunction?

The older the mother the higher the risk of what?

X?

XXY?

What does cell theory say?

What are the four functions of cellular reproduction?

T/F Sexual reproduction requires 2 parents

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

How many parents in Asexual reproduction?

Do the offspring in Asexual reproduction vary in traits or are they clones?

Generally Meiosis and Mitosis divide what part of the cell?

What is Cytokinesis?

Meiosis is for ___reproduction and Mitosis is for ____ reproduction?

“Supercoiling” is the process of what?

Small protein that DNA wraps around?

Do chromosomes form before or after the cell enters mitosis?

How is the chromosome structured?

Sister chromatids form when the chromosome ____

Sister chromatids contain what when compared to each other?

The lifetime of a cell or time between cell divisions refers to what?

Would high exposures to ionizing radiation (such as x-rays) be effective in making milk safe?

sickle-cell. What percent of offspring should have any sickle-cells? Enter only a whole number.

Explain in detail and with drawings, the actual mechanism of ATP synthase (the protein responsible for making ATP) and the use of proton pumps during oxidative phosphorylation and how that leads to the synthesis of ATP. ****See picture below

Briefly explain how the lagging strand is replicated. Include how the replication starts, the enzymes involved and the completion of the lagging strand replication

the paper "Unlikely Allies" by Amanda Keener. It was published in The Scientist, November 2016, page 32. The Scientist is a free-access publication which can be found at www.the-scientist.com.

a) Is the immune system friend or foe to the brain? What is your opinion after having read the assigned paper?

b) What is/are the role(s) of the immune system in the body?

c) What is the role(s) of memory T cells? What is the relation between them and CD4+? Maybe the figure on page 35 can help answer this question.

d) What is the role of the immune system in fighting neurodegenerative disease?

Explain why it is difficult to see dimly-lit objects when you look directly at them. How could this information be used to improve our vision at night?

Draw and/or describe how the edges of objects are encoded in the primary visual cortex.

Draw and/or describe the process of phototransduction from the molecular change in retinal to the change in ion flow through cGMP-gated ion channels. What would happen if a photoreceptor had a mutation that made the phosphodiesterase enzyme constantly active?

3. Name the three vessels that arise from the aortic arch. Describe the routes of arterial blood supply from these vessels to the head and neck, the brain, the thorax, and the upper limb.

4. Describe the pathways and the organs supplied by the midline arteries and by the paired arteries branching off the abdominal aorta.

5. Describe the pathway of arterial supply to the pelvis and the lower limb.

6. Identify the location of pulse points in the limbs, head, and neck.

7. Trace the veins that empty into the superior vena cava as you describe the routes of
venous return from the brain, the head and neck, and the thorax and upper limbs.

8. Trace the veins that empty into the inferior vena cava as you trace venous return from the abdominal organs and from the pelvis and lower limbs.

9. Describe the structure and specific function of the hepatic portal system, and explain the significance of portal-systemic anastomoses.

10. Define atherosclerosis, deep vein thrombosis, venous disease of the lower limb,
aneurysm, microangiopathy of diabetes, and arteriovenous malformation.

11. Trace the cardiovascular circuit in the fetus, and explain how it changes at birth.

12. List some effects of aging on the blood vessels.

If the oxidation of glucose can produce flames, as seen when roasting a marshmallow over a campfire, why don’t we risk internal burns when we swallow a marshmallow and oxidize its glucose with cellular respiration?