1. what is a saturated vrs unsatured phospholipid and what does it do
2.What is a alpha linkage and a beta linkage and which one would you find in Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose?
3.How do cows digest Cellulose?
4.How are bacteria cells different than eukaryotic cells

5.What organelle(s) does the bateria and eukaryotic cells have in common?

6.What are the roles of the Cytoskeleton

7.Are the membranes separate in eucaryotes organelles?
8. How are rough and smooth ER different.

Discuss the Neutral Theory and describe how it has contributed to our understanding of evolutionary processes.

Assume you are analyzing the cell division process (mitosis and cytokinesis) in two individuals - a 10 year old male human and a 50 year old male human. Contrast the purpose of cell division and the locations where you would find cell division in these two individuals.

In the original implementation of PSI-BLAST, the algorithm performed a multiple sequence alignment and deleted all but one copy of aligned sequence segments having ≥ 98% identity. In a recent modification, the program now purges segments having ≥ 94% identity. What do you think would happen if this percentage were adjusted to ≥ 75% identity. How could you test this idea in practice?

(b) The following data was obtained from a study of an ecosystem in which 10 different species were randomly identified and their heights measured. As a Research Assistant for Plant Ecology Laboratory, determine:

(i) Mean height of all species combined

(ii) Variance as a measure of variability in plant height

(iii) Standard deviation

SPECIES HEIGHT(cm)

1. Beech (Fagus spp.) 300 cm

2.Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) 90cm

3. Southern red oak (Quercus faclcata) 80 cm

4. Dogwood (Comus florid) 600 cm

5. Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) 2,450

6. Magnolia (Magnolia sp.) 1,250

7. Red Maple (Hacer rurua) 710

8. Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) 1,350

9. Sweetgum (Liquidamba styracilua) 1,210

10. Wax Myrtle 1,150

11. Cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto) 60

12. Live oak (Quercus rubra) 2,055

13. Water oak (Q. nigra) 1,925

14. Scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) 1,075

15. Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) 996

16. Black hickory (Carya sp.) 878

17. Black oak (Q. macrocarpa) 1,225

18. Wild Blackberry (Prunus serotina) 1,027

19. Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) 800

20. Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) 1,330

c) Given the data as indicated above,

(i) Is this a predominantly terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem? Why?

(ii) Would you consider this a mixed hardwood/pine ecosysyetm?

(iii) Which plant species form the overstory of this ecosystem?

(iv) Is this a stable community?

explain the role of alpha helix and beta helix in transmembrane

Microbiology Final Assessment Preparation

Highlight the important concepts of microbe-human interaction in health and in infection and disease.

Outline and discuss the body’s immune system: 1st Line of Immunity, 2nd Line of Immunity and 3rd Line of Immunity (specific or acquired immunity).

Explain the phenotypic, genotypic, and immunologic methods to identify pathogens and diagnose infections.

Discuss in detail the structure and disease process of the pathogens associated with human disease including Gram (+) and Gram (-) cocci, Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacilli and miscellaneous bacterial pathogens.

Discuss in detail the structure and disease process of the pathogens associated with human disease including fungi, parasites, and viruses.

Discuss at least 3 important topics related to the course content for Modules 6-9 as a tool to prepare for the final assessment.

in a 300-word essay describing how you will use your education to positively impact and make a difference in the community. The essay should include information that demonstrates your involvement in the community and activities in which you have participated. Explain how this scholarship will help you achieve your goals.

Distinguish among the following groups of archaea: extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and methanogens.

Compare and contrast viruses with cells.

Diagram and describe the following prokaryotic structures: cell wall, flagella, fimbriae, inclusions, nucleoid (chromosome and plasmids), and pili.

Describe examples of how prokaryotes can benefit as well as harm humans.

Distinguish among the following groups of bacteria: cyanobacteria, mycoplasmas, phytoplasmas, prochlorophytes, purple bacteria, and green bacteria.

1 (a). Describe one fundamental way in which proteins and DNA resemble one another and one fundamental way in which they differ from one another.

(b). Using the genetic code table provided in lecture (or you can see one here: http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM02/codon_table.jpg) write the sequence of a mRNA molecule that could encode the following amino acid sequence (for amino acids that are specified by more than one codon, just choose one of the codons; label 5’ and 3’ ends in all figures):

methionine-leucine-valine-lysine-serine-tryptophan-threonine.

(c). Write both strands of the DNA molecule from which this mRNA was transcribed.

(d). Delete the second base of the leucine codon in the mRNA and retranslate your mRNA.

Describe the function of each of the structures in bold in the previous question.

-cell wall

-chloroplasts

-chromoplasts

-chromatin

-cytoskeleton

-leucoplasts

-nuclear envelope

-nucleolus

-rough endoplasmic reticulum

-smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-vacuole

-vesicles

Answer questions in regards to Botany;

Infer a phylogeny when provided with a simple character matrix. Be prepared to interpret evolutionary relationships based on a phylogeny.

How does molecular data inform phylogenetic analysis?

Distinguish among the three domains. Which two domains are most closely related to each other?

How does our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among eukaryotes differ from the four-kingdom system?

Naked mole rats were recently discovered to be able to survive 18 minutes of an anoxic (0% oxygen) environment without any difficulty. In 1976, the naked mole rat hemoglobin was studied and compared to that of mice and found to have higher oxygen affinity. The data below are representative of this study.

Table 1: Whole blood from each organism was assayed at pH 7.4 for oxygen affinity at two different temperatures. The P₅₀ is reported at each condition in the table.

Naked mole rats have a body temperature of 30-32°C, which is lower than the 37°C body temperature of most other mammals including Mus musculus.

A. Quickly look up data regarding the solubility of oxygen in water versus temperature. Does body temperature alone explain the greater oxygen binding capacity of Heterocephalus glaber compared to Mus musculus?

B. What do these p50 values indicate about the oxygen binding capacity of Heterocephalus glaber hemoglobin compared to Mus musculus hemoglobin?

C. Furthermore, the amount of 2,3-BPG in each organism’s bloodstream was assayed. [2,3-BPG] in Heterocephalus glaber was found to be 7.3mM and for Mus musculus, 7.4mM. Additionally, when hemoglobin from each organism was stripped of any ligands and then assayed for oxygen binding, the p50 for Heterocephalus glaber was found to be 8.0mmHg and the p50 for Mus musculus was found to be 11.3mmHg. What do these data tell you about the mechanism by which the affinity of each organism’s hemoglobin differs?

D. The protein sequence for the b-subunit of the naked mole rat hemoglobin is as follows:

HLSNE EKAAV TSLWG KVNVE ETGGE ALGRL LVVYP WTQRF FEHFG DLSSP SAIMG NPKVK AHGAK VLASF SEGLN HLDNL KGTFA KLSEL HCDKL HVDPE NFRLL GNVIV IVLAH HHGHD LTPTV QAAFQ KVVAG VAHAL GHKYH

Note that the actual structure of hemoglobin or the actual protein and mRNA sequences of other subunits of hemoglobin in the naked mole rat have not been studied. The mRNA information available is predicted from genome sequencing efforts, but has not been experimentally verified or studied.

What is the significance of the shaded amino acids? Hint, use your book. Are there any major differences in the two sequences that might explain the phenotype? Do not spend too much time agonizing over this.